Functionalists
Created functionalism - Body analogy of society
Durkheim
The experience of work under capitalism. His theory emphasizes the centrality of class conflict in any analysis of society. Base and Superstructure
Marx
Female identities are shaped in childhood - 3 main types of femininity in contemporary society - contingent, assertive and autonomous
Oakley
Developed the idea of the self as made up of the ‘me,’ based on how the individual understands they are seen by the ‘generalized other’ and the ‘I’ based on the individual’s impulses
Mead
Concept of ‘verstehen.’ Argues sociologists should take the frame of an insider in their research, rather than that of an outside observer. Empathize with research subjects
Weber
Manifest function vs latent function of objects; anomie
Merton
ISA’s (ideological state apparatuses which included education systems, the family, media, and religion) & RSA (repressive state apparatuses which included the army, the police, the judiciary, and the prison system.)
Althusser
Two forms of dominant gender identities - hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity.
Connell
Looking-glass self - individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them. Using social interaction as a type of “mirror,” people use the judgments they receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.
Cooley
measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience.
Participants were led to believe that they were assisting an unrelated experiment, in which they had to administer electric shocks to a "learner".
Milgram (Example of unethical research)
Sociobiology - Men play “instrumental” roles and women play “expressive” roles within the family due to evolutionary biological principles
Parsons
Schools prepare students for adult work by socializing them into values and norms that will make them uncomplaining workers.
Bowles & Gintis
Children today are exposed to the adult world earlier through what they see on TV/media, etc. Argues this early exposure to adult themes “shortens” period of childhood and “childhood innocence”
Postman
Norms are more open to interpretation and negotiation than either roles or values. Developed the dramaturgical approach to studying interaction, exploring ways in which individuals perform actions in a similar way to performers in a play.
Goffman
Suspected that doctors could not accurately diagnose schizophrenia and sent students displaying false symptoms into hospitals to test his hypothesis. Covert Participant Observation
Rosenhan
Argued every social system has four functional “subsystems” - political, economic, cultural and family. GAIL!!
Parsons
Argued that the economic Base shapes and the institutions that make up the Superstructure. The Superstructure in turn, maintains the Base
Marx
Suggested that a decline in traditional manufacturing industries and rise of service industries (ex. Banking, computing) has changed the nature of working-class work/labor.
Crompton
Helped showcase how we are socialized through experience by conducting Breaching experiments. Demonstrated the weak nature of our beliefs about social order by disrupting people’s daily routines and observing how upset, confused and angry people became.
Garfinkel
Hawthorne Effect. Hawthorne factory in Chicago where working conditions were manipulated in different ways to see if it impacted the production of the workers. Field Experiment
Mayo
Viewed teenage years as a difficult period because they involve status anxiety - therefore young people feel pressure to achieve.
Eisenstadt
Culture Industry- the industries of art and entertainment have created a culture of standardization. Mass standardization provides something for everyone, no one can escape.
Adorno & Horkheimer
Global economic changes have resulted in a “blurring of traditional class identities” Working-class and middle-class tastes make it increasingly difficult to define class identity today
Peele
Outlined the importance of both structure and action in considering the relationship between society and the individual. Mix between structuralism and interactionism. Also known as STURCURATION
Giddens
Studied girls’ friendships in two London schools using a combination of participant observation and personal documentation. Some of the girls allowed her to read their diaries and she was given access to the notes the girls passed between themselves in the classroom.
Hey (1997)
-Example of Triangulation