Classification of skills
Which skill type is performed in a predictable environment ?
Closed skills
What type of practice involves repeating the same skill without change
Massed Practice
What stage involves trial and error?
Cognitive stage
What type of guidance involves the least planning
Verbal
What are the 6 different types of feedback
Pos, neg, int, etx, kop, kor,
Give an example of a continuous skill?
Swimming / Cycling
Practicing a skill in different situations to develop adaptability
what stage is characterised by fewer mistakes and more consistency?
Associative stage
Define manual guidance
Physically moving the performer to a desired outcome/position
Give an example of negative feedback
"you didn't tuck in your chin when you performer your back somersault which meant your shape was wrong"
What is a skill with a clear beginning and end called?
Discrete skill
Which type of practice is best for beginners and why?
Distributed - It allows for rest and feedback to be given
Give a characteristic of the autonomous stage
Movements at automatic
Require little thought
Highly motivated
using an example, define mechanical guidance
Using equipment to support movement skills for example a harness in trampolining when learning a front somersault
Feedback about an outcome (score, time)
Give an example of a closed skill
Lay up in basketball
Penalty in football
A overhead press in weightlifting
Which type of practice is most useful for open skills?
Varied practice as it changes each time based on the environment
Compare the cognitive and associative stages of learning
Error frequency and understanding gets better
Attention and movement control get better
Feedback and learning needs reduce
Give one advantage and disadvantage of verbal guidance
Quick and easy, no planning,
Can overload beginners, relies on the coach being correct
which 2 types of feedback would be used for a cognitive performer and why?
Extrinsic - positive = Build confidence, corrects early errors
Describe and give an example of a serial skill
A skill made up of several discrete elements (i.e. a gymnastics routine)
Give an advantage of using whole-part-whole practice
Improves motivation and confidence
Kinaesthesis for the skill
Reduces cognitive load
encourages error correction (trial and error)
Why may a performer plateau between associative and autonomous stages?
Lack of motivation
Poor practice methods
Not enough intrinsic feedback developed
replied too much on feedback from coach
Explain how a coach could combine 2 types of guidance.
Visual and verbal - for demos with added explanations
Evaluate the use of negative feedback for an autonomous performer
They are already motivated - more motivated to improve
Highly effective for refinement of skill
Requires criticism to be constructive
Can cause frustration