Paper 2 Review 2

Expansion

100

Us involvement in WW1

WWI begins in Europe in 1914 after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria

sparks a complex set of alliances into action

 U.S. proclaimed neutrality; President Woodrow Wilson ran on this in the Election of 1916

and won

 Many Americans wanted to stay out; culturally aligned with England, but a large

German-American population existed in U.S.

 American bankers J.P Morgan & Co. were loaning large amounts of money to England

and France; $2 billion

 Throughout the war, Germany slowly became aggressive toward U.S.

 Sunk British luxury liner Lusitania in 1915; U.S. media portrayed Germany as

evil

 By 1917, U.S. had cut off Germany; banks were supporting British and French

 Germany opened U-Boat attacks on all ships, including U.S.

 February, 1917: Zimmerman Telegram offers Mexico to help Germany; made

public in U.S.

 April, 1917: U.S. declares war on Germany

 American military was key for Allies

 Russia had just dropped out; American troops were important in key battles in

1918

 Also was a mental boost for Allies and crushed Germany’s spirit

 Germany surrenders November, 1918

200

Us and post war settlement

Paris Peace Conference in 1919 lasted six months

 Wilson had grand plans

 14 Points to change the world for the better; 14th called for a “League of Nations”

 Wilson was the only American in attendance; never worked with Congress to organize a

plan

300

Treaty of Versailles 1919

Most of Wilson’s points were rejected; League of Nations was formed

 Wilson returned to U.S. and found a Republican Congress opposed to joining;

was unable to get support

 Did not make requested changes; had ill health preventing him from

politicking

400

Isolationist how?

Enacted immigration restrictions

 Never joined League of Nations

 Increased tariffs on foreign trade

500

There were some elements of U.S. international policies; mostly benefitted U.S. how?

1921: Washington Naval Conference reduced global navies

 1924: Dawes Plan sent loans to Germany, which ended up as “reciprocal loans”

through England and France

 1928: Kellogg-Briand Pact agreed to not use war... didn’t work...

Expansion

100

Asia V.S. Latin AMerica approach?

The big difference between the U.S. approach to Asia from Latin America is that the U.S. saw Latin

America as its own backyard and was very protective; Asia was seen as less controllable and so the

U.S. worked to cooperate with Europe over Asia

200

US and China

China has traditionally been closed to foreigners; believed they were self-sufficient and

did not need outside corruption

 By 1840s, U.S. sought inroads in China for trade; British were already there

 1844: Treaty of Wangxia opened up China; U.S. gained full trade access

 1850-1890: U.S. continued to make treaties with China’s Qing Dynasty

 Later called “Unequal Treaties”; all favored U.S.; Americans did not

need to follow Chinese laws

 1900: U.S. called for “Open Door Policy”; wanted no restrictions to China for

U.S. or Europeans

 1900 Boxer Rebellion in China sought to kick out U.S. and Europeans; both sent

in militaries to put it down

1911: Chinese Revolution overthrew Qing Dynasty; cited weakness toward

outsiders

300

US and Japan

U.S. Navy forces Japan to open up to trade; Matthew Perry’s visit in 1853

 In response, Japan industrialized and militarized quickly (unlike China)

 1905: Japan defeated Russia in war; signaled rise of Japan as world power

 U.S. treated Japan with more equality

 1908: Root-Takahira Agreement between U.S. and Japan agreed to share

Pacific/China; allowed Japan to annex Korea

 Cooperated with 1921 Washington Naval Conference

 U.S. still saw Japan as inferior

 Opposed Japanese role in League of Nations

400

Hawaii

In late-1800s, U.S. businessmen settled in Hawaii and gained serious influence

on the island

o Hawaii had both serious commercial (fruit, trade port) and military

prospects

 1891: Americans in Hawaii stage rebellion, ask U.S. to annex Hawaii

 1898: U.S. annexes Hawaii to join new lands from Spanish American War

500

Philippines 

Taken as a part of the 1898 Spanish-American War

 Filipinos had been rebelling against Spanish for years; thought U.S. would be

liberators

 U.S. did not grant Filipinos self-government; Filipinos continued to rebel against

U.S.

 1899-1902: Philippine-American War

 250,000 Filipino casualties

 U.S. gains control of Philippines until 1945 after WWII