Academic Vocab
Communication that focuses on establishing and maintaining social connections rather than conveying information. It's characterized by routines, polite phrases, and a general atmosphere of goodwill, like saying "How are you?" or "Good morning". The goal isn't to delve into complex topics, but to create a sense of warmth and sociability.
What is Phatic Language?
This theory proposes that humans have an innate capacity to learn language, facilitated by a specialized brain mechanism that allows them to extract universal grammatical rules from the input they receive.
What is Language Acquisition Device by Noam Chomsky?
Using language to satisfy personal needs or desires, such as obtaining food, drink, or comfort.
What is instrumental?
AAspects of verbal communication that go beyond the actual words spoken, influencing the meaning and emotional impact of a message. These features include tone of voice, pitch, volume, speed, pauses, and even body language
What are paralinguistic features?
Known as baby talk or parentese, is characterized by simplified vocabulary, exaggerated intonation, and shorter sentences when speaking to young children. It includes features like frequent use of the child's name, simplified word choice, and a higher pitch. It also incorporates gestures and warm body language.
What is child-directed speech?
A style of language use that is detailed, explicit, and uses a wide range of linguistic resources to convey meaning. It's often characterized by longer, more complex sentences, a wider vocabulary, and a greater use of qualifiers and subordinate clauses. For instance,' Today I am going to do some grocery shopping because the fridge is empty. '
What is Elaborated code?
This theory identifies seven core functions of language, focusing on how children learn and use language, particularly in early stages of development. These functions are presented in a developmental order, starting with the most basic needs-based language and progressing to more complex communicative abilities.
What is Halliday's Functions of Language.
Using language to exchange information and relay facts, often through storytelling.
What is representational?
Examples of this include false starts, repetition, overlaps, turn-taking, and fillers.
What are non-fluency features?
Babbling or the prelinguistic (0-9 months), holophrastic (9-18 months), Two-word (1.5-2.5 yrs), Telegraphic (2.5-4 yrs), and Post-telegraphic (4+ yrs)
What are stages and ages of child development?
This refers to a style of language use that relies heavily on shared knowledge and context, often characterized by informal language, slang, and implicit messages. It's essentially a shorthand way of speaking that works well within a specific group or social context but might be confusing to outsiders. For instance, how "clocking tea" is familiar to you but confusing to your teacher.
What is restricted code?
This theory suggests that behaviors followed by positive reinforcement (reward) are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative reinforcement (removal of unpleasant stimulus) or punishment are less likely.
What is Operant Conditioning by B.F. Skinner.
Using language to develop social relationships and ease interaction with others, such as saying "I love you" or "Thank you".
What is interactional?
Examples include varying pitch to make a statement into a question (e.g., "You are coming tonight?"), using stress to emphasize a particular word (e.g., "I didn't eat the cookie"), or pausing strategically to emphasize a point.
Wha are prosodic features?
Language used to explore the imagination, which can include play, storytelling, and creating imaginary worlds.
What is Halliday's Imaginative function?
This refers to the varieties of the English language native to the United States, characterized by unique pronunciations, vocabulary, grammar, and spelling conventions. It's distinct from other forms of English, such as British English, with notable differences in pronunciation and vocabulary.
What is American English?
This theory of learning and development defines the range of tasks a learner can perform with guidance but cannot yet perform independently. It's the space between a learner's current skill level and their potential level with support from a more knowledgeable other
What is Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development?
Using language to control or influence the behavior of others, including persuading, commanding, or requesting.
What is regulatory?
Pause in seconds, micropauses, underlines, UPPERCASE, upward and downward intonation are all part of this.
What is a transcription key?
This debate explores the relative contributions of inherited (genetic) predispositions and environmental influences to an individual's development and characteristics. In essence, it examines how much of who we are is determined by our genes and how much is shaped by our experiences.
What is nature vs. nurture?
Language where the meaning of words or phrases is heavily influenced by the surrounding situation, including the physical, social, and cultural context. The meaning is not fixed but rather understood in relation to the specific circumstances in which the speech is used.
What is context-bound?
This theory outlines four stages of intellectual development from infancy to adulthood. These stages are characterized by distinct ways of thinking and understanding the world, progressing from simple reflexes to abstract reasoning. Children actively construct knowledge through their interactions with the environment.
What is Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Using language to learn and explore the environment through questions and observations.
What is heuristic?
Phonemic representation of speech sounds.
Mistakes that children make when learning a language, but are actually signs of a child's active rule-making process and understanding of language structures. These errors demonstrate that children are not simply imitating but are developing their own linguistic systems based on observed patterns and rules.
What are virtuous errors?