Infancy
Name two ways that parents can help their infants with co-regulation.
Participant must have said any two of the following:
Provide warmth and nurturing
Anticipate needs and respond to cues
Provide structure and consistent routine
Provide physical and emotional comfort when child is distressed or dysregulated
Modify the environment to decrease demands and stress
(Rosanbalm & Murray, 2017)
What are the attachment styles that children can display?
Secure, avoidant, anxious/ambivalent, extreme-disorganized
(Dallos, 2023)
Has social class been found to impact a child’s reading-readiness?
Yes. The lower-scoring students came from families of lower socioeconomic status, whereas the students that were high-scoring came from families that have a middle class background.
(Milner, 1951)
How might early social skill development from positive parent-child interactions influence high school completion?
One study postulated that positive early mother-child relationships may help kids gain the ability to build successful relationships with adults. This would affect a student’s high school graduation because it has been found that teacher-student relationships are highly influential with regards to graduation instead of dropping out.
(Gregory & Rimm-Kaufman, 2019)
True or false: rupture and repair within the parent-child relationship begins as early as infancy
True
(Dallos, 2023)
Maternal physical stimulation, verbal stimulation, positive regard, and involvement in their child’s life is associated with what kind of play?
Their children have more mature play that involves better interactions with peers and other caregivers.
(Pempek & Lauricella, 2017)
What have preliminary findings regarding early parent-child interactions shown about children in middle school?
There is an association with social behavior and academic achievement in middle school, over and above demographic variables of the family. In fact, early interactions may have a moderating effect for families who may be more at risk for difficulty in school and with social skills.
(Morrison et al., 2003)
Have sensitive early mother-child interactions been found to impact GPA, IQ scores, and standardized test scores?
Just GPA, as this involves academic, non academic, and socioemotional skills. The others are more closely linked to intelligence. This has been found to be especially true for children from minoritized backgrounds.
(Gregory & Rimm-Kaufman, 2019)
What are some of the areas that parent-child interactions within the first few years of life have been shown to affect?
Cognitive development, social development, and emotional development, early language skills, early literacy skills
(Pempek & Lauricella, 2017)
What have preliminary studies found regarding cell phone use on the mother’s part during her child’s word learning?
The word learning was negatively affected when a phone call interrupted their learning task.
(Pempek & Lauricella, 2017)
What are some key variables that have been consistently shown to influence children’s abilities within the school setting?
Family income, race, ethnicity, maternal education, and many more
(Morrison et al., 2003)
Is there a protective role found in positive parent-child relationships with regards to at-risk students?
Yes
(Healy et al., 2024)
Often parent-child interactions are initially interrupted for preterm infants due to medical treatment and parents not being fully ready for their roles. What are some techniques that have been shown to be beneficial to strengthening this bond?
Early intervention programs that work to help parents recognize, understand, and properly respond to their infant’s needs
(Steinhardt et al., 2015)
What impacts a child’s social adjustment during their initial transition to school?
Parenting style. Whether or not there is play maintenance during physical play. Family interaction quality.
(Barth & Parke, 1993)
What is the type of relationship between parental monitoring and type of relationship attachment between the parent and child?
There is initial evidence to support a bidirectional relationship between the two. This means that a secure attachment relationship may result in children being more involved in monitoring (they update their parents), and that parents who monitor their children more may help create and maintain a secure attachment relationship.
(Kerns et al., 2001)
How do parent-child relationships and communication change as kids become adolescents?
At early adolescence, there is a decrease in communication and an increase in secrecy. By middle adolescence, parental control is resisted. Girls, from middle adolescence onward, began communicating with their parents more, whereas boys maintained low levels of communication with their parents.
(Keijsers & Poulin, 2013)