Cardinal Features
PD is characterized by these three main motor features
What is bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity?
This characteristic change in facial expression observed in patients with PD.
What is masked facies?
Drug-induced parkinsonism typically develops after this medication-related change.
What is starting or increasing the dose of an offending medication?
This sensory deficit is specifically described as preceding motor PD.
What is decreased sense of smell?
These two cardinal manifestations are major targets of PD medications.
What are bradykinesia and rigidity?
This change in a patient's writing may be observed in Parkinson disease.
What is micrographia (small handwriting)?
These dopamine D2 receptor-blocking agents can cause drug-induced parkinsonism.
What are first- and second-generation antipsychotics, or metoclopramide?
Symptoms involving this organ system are among the earliest manifestations of PD.
What is the gastrointestinal system?
This cardinal feature refers to impaired balance and becomes more prominent as PD progresses.
What is postural instability?
A patient walks normally in a straight hallway but suddenly cannot initiate the next step when turning.
What is freezing of gait?
They are considered red flags for atypical parkinsonism.
What are early falls, rapid progression, and poor response to levodopa.
This mood disorder may precede the motor manifestations of PD.
What is depression?
During conversation, a patient with Parkinson disease becomes increasingly difficult to hear despite normal language production. This characteristic speech finding is present.
What is hypophonia (soft voice)?
While lying in bed, a patient develops a painful, sustained muscle contraction causing abnormal positioning of the affected limb. This movement abnormality is called this.
What is dystonia?
Parkinsonism with early autonomic dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension and urinary dysfunction, raises suspicion for this atypical parkinsonian disorder.
What is multiple system atrophy (MSA)?
These two types of pain may occur as non-motor manifestations of Parkinson disease, sometimes before the classic motor symptoms emerge.
What is joint pain and muscle pain?
Abnormal axial posture in Parkinson disease may progress to these structural changes of the spine.
What is kyphosis or scoliosis?
Bradykinesia affecting the pharyngeal musculature can cause this feature of Parkinson disease, sometimes resulting in pooling of saliva and drooling.
What is dysphagia?
Treatment for symptomatic Drug-Induced Parkinsonism include:
Trial of levodopa, anticholinergics, amantadine
Acting out dreams through movements or vocalizations is this sleep disorder associated with PD.
What is REM sleep behavior disorder?