Module 13: First civilizations of America.
First Mesoamerican civilization?
Olmecs
Renaissance artists: Name one.
Michelangelo, Shakespeare, Leonardo Da Vinci, Machiavelli
What is the Age of Exploration?
15th-18th century European explorers embarked on voyages to discover new trade routes and land.
Problems/corruption in the church in the Middle age?
Corruption
Simony: a medieval church practice that involved the buying and selling of things of a spiritual nature, including church offices
Priest marrying
Guild in the middle ages?
Association of people of the same trade/business who organized together to protect their interests, members and regulate their trade standards.
Can be compared to the modern day labor union.
Maya Civilization achievements?
Astronomy, math, writing, and Calendar System.
Characteristics of Renaissance?
Perception, Skepticism, realism, vernacular language, challenging traditional beliefs.
What inspired the age of exploration?
Inspired by the goal to find a new trade route to India.
Concordat of Worms. What did it solve?
Issue of church v. emperor
Concluded: the church had the power to appoint a bishop while the emperor could veto it.
Commercial Revolution?
Economic changes during the middle ages characterized by increase trade and commerce.
Aztec Empire Conquests?
Gained Power from Military Conquests & Tributes.
Offering sacrifices to their Sun God and needing prisoners of war to do this — often led to more conquests.
What was Martin Luther's effect on the Reformation?
Luther's 95 Theses lead to the Reformation movement and changes within the Catholic Church.
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas decide?
Divided new land discovered vertically in the Atlantic ocean. Spain got land west of it while Portugal got land east of it. Why Brazil speaks Portuguese today.
Gothic Architecture?
Stained glass windows, buildings that thrust toward the heaven, examples is the Notre Dame Cathedral
What is the Magna Carta?
Established basic legal rights, paved the way for other important documents.
Inca civilization and government structure?
Incan Government Created Unity: Divide & rule by central bureaucracy
Economic system & Road System- all roads lead to capital- 14,000 mile network of roads & bridges
Allowed a form of communication w/ runners & guesthouses for travelers.
Where did the Renaissance start?
Started in Italy - A revival of art and literature
What started slavery in Africa?
Started 600s as Muslims used prisoners of war.
Muslim influence of learning?
Muslim libraries in Spain held works from famous philosophers, translated works.
Europe had contact with muslims and their ideas during the crusades.
Hundreds Years War - what weapons were used?
Battle between the French and English
Transformed fighting with use of the longbow
Theories of migration to the Americas
List 4
Bering Land Bridge Theory - Land bridge connecting Siberira and Alaska, covered in water when the Ice Age was over.
Coastal Migration Theory - Humans reach the pacific coast of the Americas by following the coastline.
Solutrean Migration Theory -Crossed along the Atlantic Ocean from Europe to the Americas.
South Pacific Crossing Theory - Island hopping led humans to the Americas using boats. (Polynesian Islands.
Renaissance causes?
Development of papermaking, Stabilizing international politics, Increased international commerce, and Translations of classic text into Latin.
Due to foreign trade, merchants, bankers, and trades people had extra income to buy luxury goods and expand the economy. Wealth previously based on land ownership, but now the rise of the middle class helped emerging artists and thinkers.
Describe the triangular trade route and its items.
Trade route that connects Europe, Africa and the Americas.
Americas → Raw Material → Europe
Europe → Manufactured Goods → Africa
Africa → Enslaved peopled → Americas
The Crusades: what was the goal(s) and what happened?
Goal: regain holy lands, political, economic and social gains.
Four crusades met with different goals and fates and were not able to regain the whole holy lands. Lasting effect - conflict between Muslims and Christians.
Inspired France to keep fighting for its throne against English with her vision. Can be credited with saving France, then let to burn at the stake when captured by the English.
Who was this person?
Joan of Arc