Basics of Pharmacology
What is the weakest chemical reaction between a receptor and a drug?
What are the side effects of muscarinic agonists? Name at least 4.
SLUDGE (Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, GI upset, and emesis)
What generation cephalosporin would cover Peptostreptococcus infection?
2nd Generation (Anaerobes: Pepto, Bacteroides, Clostridium)
What is a major hallmark side effect of aminoglycosides
Nephrotoxicity/Ototoxicity
Which drugs are your osmotic laxatives? Name at least 3.
Mag Salts, Mag Citrate, Lactulose, Polyethylene glycol, Glycerin
Which type of drug (agonist or antagonist) can cause receptor desensitization when given continuously?
Agonist
What are the side effects of anti-muscarinics? Name at least 5.
ANTI-SLUDGE (Dry mouth, dry eyes, urinary retention, constipation, decreased GI motility, no sweating, and confusion)
Which medication is a reversible lipase inhibitor and aids in weight loss?
Orilstat
What is a major side effect of Tetracyclines?
incorporation into the teeth and bones (should not be used in children less than 8 years old or pregnant patients)
Which cephalosporin class has the best gram (-) coverage?
3rd Generation
A drug can undergo first pass metabolism when administered by which route?
Oral
What are the effects of alpha-2 agonism on adrenergic tone? Name at least 2.
Decreased BP, HR, and sedation
A patient is having heartburn after eating spicy foods and drinking coffee all day. What are the H2-receptors blockers that you could prescribe to reduce her symptoms? Name at least 2.
Cimetadine, Famotidine, Ranitidine, Nizatidine
What is a side effect of Magnesium Salts?
Diarrhea
Which drug used to treat chronic idiopathic constipation is a selective serotonin 4 receptor agonist?
Prucalopride
Which type of transport can move a drug across a membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration?
Active transport
Alpha-1 receptors reside in the blood vessel, heart, and digestive system. What effects do alpha-1 agonists have on these tissues? Name at least 2.
Causes vasoconstriction of blood vessel, increased heart rate, and decreased GI motility
What is the drug of choice for extended-spectrum b-lactams (ESBL) producing orgamisms?
Carbapenems (DIME - dori, imi, mero, erta)
What is a common long-term side effect from SSRIs?
Sexual dysfunction
FYI: Short term side effect is increased GI motility
What is the antidote to organophosphate toxicity?
Pralidoxime
Drugs injected subcutaneously are primarily absorbed by what?
Simple passive diffusion
Zolpidem is a medication that agonizes GABA receptors. What side effect would you expect from this medication?
Sleepwalking/sleep related behaviors
This antibiotic is utilized to treat cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and endocarditis BUT has a risk of causing rhabdomyolysis.
Daptomycin
What is described as occurring when a patient has to use more of a drug to get the same effect?
Tolerance
This family of antibiotics are structurally similar to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) resulting in them being incorporated into the bacteria’s dihydropteroic acid to stop the production of the amino acid
Folate Antagonists