Translation
_____ convert nucleotide-based information into the language of amino acids.
Ribosomes
Which component of the ribosome is responsible for binding the mRNA template?
Small subunit
The initiation complex involves what 4 things?
30S subunit, mRNA template, initiator tRNA carrying methionine, 50S subunit (binds to 30S)
Termination occurs with the alignment of the A site with what?
Nonsense (STOP) codon
True or false: mutations are always harmful towards the cell, and almost always end in cell death.
False; mutations can be neutral, beneficial, or harmful
What term do we use for the ability of a given amino acid to be coded by several codons?
Degeneracy
True or false: translation can begin before transcription is complete in eukaryotes.
False; translation can begin before transcription is complete in prokaryotes.
What is the name for the base pairing between the rRNA and mRNA template?
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
The newly made polypeptide is released from which site?
P-site
What is the term for the type of mutations that occur in the absence of a mutagen?
Spontaneous mutations
True or false: there are 64 possible amino acids but only 20 codons.
False; there are 64 possible codons but only 20 amino acids.
What is the term for the complexes that are formed by ribosomes while simultaneously translating mRNA?
Polyribosomes
What do eukaryotes use instead of a Shine-Dalgarno sequence for the base pairing between rRNA and the mRNA template?
Recognition of 5' cap of mRNA
True or false: during termination, ribosomes stay whole and are recycled for future use.
False; ribosomes dissociate but are still recycled for further use.
What type of mutations are characterized by single base substitutions?
Point mutations
The ____ position can vary and the same amino acid will be produced.
Third (wobble)
True or false: codons are 3 bases of tRNA that recognize 3 complementary bases (anticodon) on mRNA.
False; anticodons are 3 bases of tRNA that recognize 3 complementary bases (codon) on mRNA.
During elongation, what site binds charged amino acids associated tRNAs with peptide bonds?
Peptidyl (P) site
During termination, nonsense codons are recognized by what factors?
Release factors
Which type of mutation shifts the reading frame during translation?
Frameshift mutation
What is the start codon? What does it code for?
AUG; methionine
What is the large ribosomal subunit responsible for during translation?
Binding tRNAs
What is the term for the single-codon movements of charged tRNAs from site A to site P to site E?
Translocation
True or false: Stop codons are synonymous with sense codons.
False; stop codons are nonsense codons
True or false: during a deletion mutation, removing a group of 3 nucleotides would be essentially detrimental to the protein's function.
False