Point Mutations, Causes and Rates, & Mutagens
What effect of point mutations is characterized by a change of an amino acid?
Missense mutation
Prokaryotes achieve genetic diversity through _______, which is when bacteria release DNA into the environment and other bacteria pick it up
Transformation
Inverted, terminal repeat sequences code for ________
Transposase
Which component of the operon model controls the transcription of structural genes?
Operator
True or false: during proofreading, DNA polymerase inspects the strand for incorrect base pairing after replication.
False; during proofreading, DNA polymerase inspects the strand for incorrect base pairing during replication
What type of mutation occurs due to errors caused by DNA polymerase during replication?
Spontaneous
What term describes the ability of bacteria to take in donor DNA?
Competence
True or false: transposition is ONLY found in prokaryotes.
False
False; the regulatory gene is not a part of the operon.
What type of repair of thymine dimers consists of enzymes cutting out incorrect bases and filling in correct bases?
Nucleotide excision repair (dark)
The mutation rate in replicated genes is one in a ______
Million
True or false: for specialized transduction, bacteria needs to be dead.
False; the use of the lysogenic cycle doesn't require bacteria to be dead.
What are the two types of transposition called?
"Cut and paste" and "replicative"
In prokaryotes, which transcription factor enhances transcription?
Activator
True or false: bacteria prefers to use lactose as a primary carbon source, and glucose as a back-up.
False; bacteria used glucose first and lactose once it is depleted
What things slide between stacked nitrogenous bases of a DNA double helix in chemical mutagens?
Intercalating agents
During conjugation, if the F plasmid integrates into the chromosome, the cell becomes a ____ cell
Hfr (high frequency of recombination)
What type of genes encode products that serve as enzymes?
Structural genes
RNA polymerase
Which operon is turned on to use lactose?
Lac operon
What term is characterized by 2 adjacent thymines becoming covalently linked? What type of rays are associated with this?
Thymine dimers; UV rays (non-ionizing radiation)
True or false: DNA is directly transferred from one prokaryote to another by a __________ ____
Conjugation pilus
True or false: eukaryotic gene-regulation occurs at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level.
Prokaryotic gene regulation is controlled by how many promoters?
One
Which enzyme is needed for the metabolism of lactose?
β-galactosidase