cell injury
uterine muscles enlarging in a pregnant woman or cardiac muscles enlarging in patients with hypertension are examples of ...
what is hypertrophy
inflammation that lasts less than 7 days and has a large amount of neutrophils present
acute inflammation
... T helper cells activate macrophages while ... T helper cells recruit PNMs
Th1/Th2 ... Th17
these cells, commonly found in surface epithelia, are continuously dividing
labile cells
this type of capillary has small openings but a continuous basement membrane
fenestrated capillaries
pattern recognition receptors
antigen-induced deletion of self-reactive T and B lymphocytes during maturation
central tolerance
this type of calcification occurs locally in dying tissue
dystrophic
a patient with ... fluid in their chest with a high protein content and many RBCs
hemorrhagic exudate
... stimulates macrophages to activate through the classical pathway
interferon gamma
a large adhesive glycoprotein that has specific binding domains and is produced by fibroblasts, endothelial cells and monocytes
fibronectin
hypoxia promotes angiogenesis by inhibiting the degradation of ... which occurs under normal oxygen conditions
HIF
immediate tissue reaction after interaction of antigen (aka allergen) with IgE that is bound to the surface of mast cells in a sensitized host and includes the participation of B cells, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils
type 1 hypersensitivity
test used for diagnosing autoimmune hemolytic anemia which adds anti-human globulin (AHG) to a patient's RBCs coated with IgG, agglutination of blood in test tube means a positive result
coomb's test
the most common cause of cell death is ... caused by ...
hypoxia ... ischemia
this metabolite inhibits inflammation
lipoxin
an asthma attack is triggered by ...
mast cell degranulation
an injury that is large, deep, and/or dirty (open wound) heals slowly/scars by this process
second intention
these cells trail behind tip cells in sprouting angiogenesis and elongate, sprout, proliferate and form junctions as well as lay down an extracellular matrix
stalk cells
this region on an antibody molecule recognizes microbes and blocks their harmful effects
Fab region
activated T-cells and macrophages release pro-inflammatory mediators and cause cell destruction (e.g. multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes)
type 4 hypersensitivity
clusters of intermediate filaments that fill up the cytoplasm of a cell in patients with alcoholism
mallory bodies
a patient has a buildup of fluid into the pericardial cavity and it is extracted with a syringe, this type of fluid is an example of ...
effusion
... , which causes fever, stimulates synthesis of acute phase reactants in the liver and the growth of antibody producing B lymphocytes
interleukin 6
these cells are made by placing a mature nucleus into an enucleated oocyte and can sometimes have an oncogenic effect
induced pluripotent stem cells
formation of new blood vessels via extension or remodeling from existing capillaries without the use of stem cells or progenitor cells
angiogenesis
large group of serum proteins that participate in the lysis of foreign cells, inflammation and phagocytosis
complement system
mediated by antibodies directed towards antigens present on cell surfaces or the ECM (examples include goodpasture syndrome, pemphigus vulgaris, graves' disease)
type 2 hypersensitivity reactions
Pyroptosis
TNF, IL1 and IL6 elicit a ... response
pro-inflammatory
... is an aggregate of macrophages in specific pathologic conditions (e.g., tuberculosis) that is an attempt by the host to contain and eliminate an insult/injury too great for one single cell
granuloma
these regulate ECM structure and permeability
proteoglycans
precursors of BOTH blood cells and blood vessels
hemangioblasts
this type of MHC molecules bind peptides derived from endogenous antigens processed in the cytoplasm while this type of MHC molecules bind peptides derived from exogenous antigens that are internalized by phagocytosis or endocytosis
class 1 ... class 2
female patient with thymoma presents with skeletal muscle weakness, especially in the face. you diagnose myasthenia gravis, who's autoantigen is this.
acetylcholine receptor
this disease is characterized by protein accumulation in the kidneys
nephrotic syndrome
... immunity is protein based (cytokines, complement, and antibodies) while ... immunity is cell based (neutrophils, T cells, B cells)
humoral ... cellular
these are the characteristic cells of chronic inflammation
lymphocytes and macrophages
in a peptic ulcer, a section of the tissue contains lots of growth factors and elevated levels of capillaries, fibroblasts, and macrophages. it also displays increased vessel size. this all is characteristic of ...
granulation tissue
when tumor cells migrate along the outside of blood vessels and use them as conduits into normal tissue or infiltrate through the ECM
perivascular invasion
these cells do not require antigen presentation for effector function and kill their target cells by releasing perforins, granzymes and other cytolytic chemicals that will induce apoptosis in the target cell
natural killer cells
patient comes in with anemia caused by premature destruction of red blood cells by complement and phagocytes. you prescribe Rituximab, which treats this disease by ...
treats autoimmune hemolytic anemia by being anti-CD20 which is expressed on all B cells (i.e., kills B cells which stops hemolysis)
getting hit by a car and then being dragged down the road by it is an example of this type of injury
sustained
cytokines, complement, histamine/serotonin, arachidonic acid metabolites, NO, bradykinin and platelet activating factor are all characteristic molecules of ... inflammation
acute
... occurs when cytokines act upon the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
fever
on a tissue sample, there's a grouping of cells stained brown after being marked by Ki67 which means they are in the ... stage
proliferation
formed in response to VEGF and leads tip cells which follow attractive and repulsive cues
filopodia
transplant rejections are caused by a mismatch of these, which present peptide antigens to T cells
Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)
graves disease is caused by autoantibodies against this receptor, which then stimulate the receptor and cause a non-suppressible overproduction of the thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)
TSH receptor
cell death that involves a singular cell, nuclear fragmentation, cell shrinkage, an intact cell membrane and does not elicit an inflammatory response is an example of...
apoptosis
a patient had a collection of ... fluid in their chest with numerous neutrophils, a high protein content and very few RBCs
purulent exudate
... tissue contains capillaries, inflammatory cells, and fibroconnective tissue
granulation tissue
this is the most abundant adhesive glycoprotein in basement membranes
laminin
reduced NO, angiogenesis, increased vascular permeability, increased endothelial inflammatory response and increased leukocyte adhesion are all characteristics of this
endothelial dysfunction
mannose, LPS and flagellin are examples of this
deposition of antigen-antibody complexes on tissue, followed by activation of the complement system which brings about an inflammatory reaction and resulting in cell injury (e.g. lupus)
type 3 hypersensitivity
muscles shrinking inside a cast from a broken bone injury on a patient is an example of ...
atrophy
IL10 and Transforming growth factor beta elicit a ... response
anti-inflammatory
... , activated through the alternative pathway, suppresses immune response and inflammation, and is good at wound repair and fibrosis
TGF beta
a tissue sample of a lung shows a honeycomb-like appearance and stains for large amounts of fibers. the cause of death of this patient was most likely ...
pulmonary fibrosis
this type of capillary has many holes and either a discontinuous or absent basal lamina
discontinuous capillary
molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system
PAMPs
silencing of potentially autoreactive T cells through anergy (functional inactivation rather than death), suppression by regulatory T cells and activation-induced cell death
peripheral tolerance
type of cell death programmed by receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)
necroptosis
... increases vascular permeability, contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, and causes pain
bradykinin
these tests are commonly used to measure acute phase reactants after an acute inflammatory response
C-reactive protein (CRP) test and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
neurons and skeletal muscle cells are examples of this type of cell, as the rarely or never divide
permanent cell
upregulation of this type of signaling in mural cells (smooth muscle cells) helps to stabilize interactions between the mural cell and endothelial cell to stabilize stalk cells and formation of new vessels
notch signaling
complement components (C3b) bind to microbial surface and promote phagocytosis
opsonization
in pemphigus vulgaris, blistering of the skin is caused by this autoantigen
epidermal cadherin
apoptotic cell death due to loss of cell matrix interactions
anoikis
antibodies trigger ... complement activation, microbial surfaces trigger ... complement activation, and pathogen carbohydrates trigger .... complement activation
classical ... alternative ... lectin
... inhibitors dramatically improve outcomes in chronic inflammatory conditions
TNF inhibitors
along with gelatinases and stromolysins, these enzymes help in the remodeling of the ECM and formation of collagen plates
metalloproteinases
if this is attached to VEGF, the growth factor signal can only travel a short distance
heparin
this region on antibody molecules activate effector mechanisms to eliminate these microbes and toxins
Fc region
a pediatric patient with newly developed skin petechia (red dot rash) complains of an increased bleeding tendency after recently recovering from a viral infection
acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
an overload of iron in the liver, heart or pancreas is known as ...
hemochromatosis
vasodilation in inflammation almost always occurs on ... side of vessels
arterial
your patient comes in with a viral disease, their host response is mainly these:
lymphocytes (especially T cells) and antibodies
an injury that is small, shallow and/or clean is healed quickly by this process
first intention
the formation of mature blood vessels: differentiation into veins and arteries after vasculogenesis
arteriogenesis
this antibody functions in neutralization, opsonization/phagocytosis, complement activation, placental transfer and ADCC
IgG
patient presenting with Type 1 diabetes asks for more detail about the diagnosis, you explain the lack of insulin production is due to beta-cell destruction caused by this autoantigen
pancreatic beta-cell antigen
... pathway of apoptosis is caused by injury or withdrawal of growth factors/hormones while ... pathway is caused by cytotoxic T lymphocytes or receptor-ligand interactions
intrinsic (mitochondrial) ... extrinsic (death-receptor initiated)
a patient with ... fluid that has little to no protein or cell content caused by increased hydrostatic pressure
transudate
... directly increases blood flow
prostaglandins
hyaluronan
the theory that, in pathological conditions like tumors, there's more angiogenesis activators than inhibitors so you could stop tumor growth by restoring balance between the activators and inhibitors
angiogenesis switch hypothesis
stimulation of this type of signaling leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines, type 1 IFNs (antiviral), chemokines, anti-microbial molecules, and enhancing antigen uptake and presentation
toll-like receptors
patient comes in with hematuria and glomerulonephritis caused by a dysfunction in the non-collagenous basement membrane of collagen type 4. you diagnose goodpasture's syndrome. why isn't the patient experiencing lung hemorrhage?
in non-smokers, the basement membranes of lung alveoli are inaccessible to antibodies and there is neither antibody deposition or disruption of the tissues
this type of calcification occurs secondary to hypercalcemia and is characterized by a disturbance in calcium homeostasis
metastatic
the release of ... , stimulated by physical injury or the binding of antibodies to mast cells, causes dilation of arterioles and increases permeability
histamine
membrane damage, protein breakdown or misfolding, and dna damage/mutations are characteristic of increased production of ...
reactive oxygen species
a patient with a history of myocardial infarctions is now in end stage cardiac failure, which was most likely brought about by this complication
fibrosis
type of angiogenesis that involves formation of blood vessels by a splitting process in which elements of interstitial tissues invade existing vessels, forming transvascular tissue pillars that expand
non-sprouting angiogenesis
formation of this cause cytolysis by producing lesions in microbial membranes
membrane attack complex
25 year old female patient complains of blurred vision, memory loss, extreme mood swings, muscle spasms and tremors, and a loss of coordination and balance. you diagnose. a brain scan shows several plaques of demyelination. you diagnose ... which is caused by autoantigens myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein
multiple sclerosis