Wild Card
Fungal causing lung infection
Histoplasma
Types of Healing
Resolution, regeneration, and replacement
Number one way to prevent spread of infection
Release of histamine and other chemical mediators
Causes inflammation
IgE
AllergEEEEEEE
Growth of normal bacteria in all regions of the body
Normal Flora
1st to secrete immune response in B lymphocytes
IgM
Call you MOM 1st when you're in trouble
formation of unique antibodies
3rd line of defense
Source of the infection, ex personal, animal, bacteria
Reservoir
Vaccine administered, no illness present but antibodies formed
Artificial Active
1. sensory stimuli move along competing pathways
2. brain produces outgoing transmissions through reticular systems (efferent)
3. brain releases opiate like chemicals
Body's immune system attacks normal tissue due to the production of antibodies that attack healthy tissue. Hallmark sign is a butterfly rash
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Describe the acute and systemic effects of inflammation
Systemic: fever, headache, anorexia, malaise, changes in blood (leukocytosis, increased CRP and ESR)
Lacks cell wall (not affected by antimicrobial drugs), common cause of pneumonia
Mycoplasma
Natural Passive Immunity
Transmitted via droplets suspended in air
Aerosol
Describe the steps of a closed gate response
1. painful stimulation
2. interneuron activated by efferent impulses from brain or afferent impulses from touch stimulus
3. interneuron released by enkephalin
4. opiate receptors blocked by enkephalin
5. substance P neurotransmitter not released
6. gate closed, transmission blocked on tract
How does capillary exchange differ during an inflammatory response?
Fluid and protein leakage causes edema.
Neutrophils and macrophages enter the tissue to combat infection or injury.
populations with decreased host resistance
immunocompromised, infants, older populations
Examples of immunocompromised populations?
In order, list the three types of medication classes used to treat anaphylaxis shock and what they do
Epinephrine: causes vasoconstriction to reverse the drop in blood pressure, improves circulation and oxygenation
Corticosteroids: reduces immune response and stabilizes the vascular system
Antihistamine: block the tissue response of histamine
A patient suffering from a burn will most likely face which two complications
Infection and inability to self regulate body temperature
antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, such as blood vessels or the kidneys. These complexes activate the complement system, leading to inflammation, tissue damage, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. The inflammation can lead to damage in the affected tissues.
Type III hypersensitivity
explain the difference between each degree of burns
1st degree: only affects outer layer of the skin, redness, pain and no blisters noted at sight. EX: Sunburn
2nd Degree: involves the epidermis and dermis, skin has blisters and possible swelling
3rd Degree: entire epidermis and dermis is destroyed, subcutaneous tissue is damaged. Appearance is blackened and charred.
These are components of the bacterial cell wall, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria that can trigger harmful immune responses, leading to fever and septic shock
Endotoxins
Attached to B cells and activates B cells
IgD
State the function of each common diagnostic test for infection and what is their purpose
1. WBC
2. ESR/CRP
3. Blood Culture
4. Urine Culture
1. increased white blood cell count indicate the presence of infection
2. elevated CRP and ESR indicate increased inflammatory responses
3. Blood cultures are used to detect bacteria or other pathogens spreading throughout the blood stream
4. a UA is used to locate any UTI