Dyslipidemia
This lipoprotein is triglyceride rich and increases after a high-fat meal
Chylomicrons
This law describes the relationship preload and stroke volume
Frank-starling law
This type of HTN has no known cause and accounts for 95% of cases
Primary HTN (Essential)
This condition occurs when myocardial oxygen supply cannot meet demand
Ischemic heart disease
This pancreatic cell type secretes insulin and amylin
Beta cells
This lipoprotein is the primary contributor to atherosclerosis and is the main drug therapy target
LDL
This type of heart failure has a normal EF >/= 50 % but impaired ventricular filling
HFpEF
Blood pressure is determined by the product of these two variables
Cardiac output x TPR
This is the most important determinant of myocardial oxygen demand
coronary wall tension
This hormone is known as the hormone of energy release because it increases plasma glucose through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Glucagon
This protein prevents LDL receptor recycling and leads to fewer LDL receptors on the cell surface
PCSK9
This compensatory system increases sodium and water retention, increasing preload
RAAS
This system regulates blood pressure through angiotensin II causing vasoconstriction and aldosterone release
RAAS
This type of ACS involves complete artery occlusion and ST elevation on ECG
STEMI
This glucose transporter is insulin dependent and is primarily found in muscle and adipose tissue
GLUT-4
These cholesterol-laden macrophages are the earliest recognizable cells in arterial fatty streaks
Foam cells
This biomarker is released in response to volume overload but can help rule out heart failure
BNP
These receptors increase heart rate, contractility and renin release when stimulated
Beta 1 receptors
This type of stroke is caused by vessel occlusion from a thrombus or embolus
Ischemic stroke
This physiologic effect explains why oral glucose leads to a greater insulin secretion than IV glucose due to GI hormone stimulation
Incretin effect
This hypothesis explains that endothelial injury leads to LDL oxidation, inflammation, fatty streaks and eventual plaque formation
Response to injury hypothesis
The long term activation of compensatory mechanisms leads to these structural changes that worsen heart function
Ventricular remodeling (hypertrophy, dilation, fibrosis)
What mechanism explains how kidneys regulate blood pressure by adjusting sodium and water balance and influencing vascular resistance
Peripheral autoregulation
This differentiates unstable angina from NSTEMI: presence or absence of this finding
Cardiac biomarkers (myocardial necrosis)
This class of transporters in the kidneys is responsible for reabsorbing filtered glucose and is the target of drugs that increase urinary glucose excretion
SGLT2