Perfusion
These are manifestations of poor perfusion
pallor (pale skin), pale extremities, hypotension (low blood pressure), decreased cardiac output, capillary refill > 3 seconds, cool extremities, weak, thready pulse
Bonus- what can cause poor circulation/perfusion?
(HR) Heart Rate X Stroke volume (SV) = ?
cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood ejected by ventricles each minute. Noninvasive way to monitor CO is Blood Pressure
BONUS- what is stroke volume? what is preload? what is afterload?
what is the role of dopamine?
neurotransmitter reward & movement
What is edema? what are the 4 causes of edema?
excess fluid in interstitial compartment
1. increased hydrostatic pressure
2. decreased osmotic pressure
3.Lymphatic blockage or removal
4. increased capillary permeability
Which labs are expected in a patient with chronic renal failure?
Hyperkalemia, hypervolemia, metabolic acidosis, decreased glomerular filtration rate
what is the patho of Angina?
partial occlusion coronary artery. Chest pain due to a lack of oxygen reaching the myocardial cells. Angina is a manifestation of coronary artery disease
Bonus, what is the definition of angina?
EXTRA BONUS- what is difference between angina and MI?
what are manifestations of increased bleeding (hypo coagulation)?
bleeding, hematemesis, petechiae, ecchymosis, hemarthrosis, epistaxis, hematuria, hematoma, purpura, hemoptysis, blood in stool
BONUS- what is the purpose of clotting in the body?
what is Norepinephrine?
Neurotransmitter and hormone, part of sympathetic nervous system "fight or flight". Excitatory
Bonus: what is GABA?
Your client is dehydrated. To preserve water, what hormone will be increased?
ANTIDIURETIC hormone is increased.
What is fibromyalgia?
disorder causing abnormal excitation sensory perception
Patho and manifestations of Myocardial Infarction (MI)?
patho: complete 100% total occlusion coronary artery causing myocardial cell death. complication associated with frequent stimulant use.
Manifestations: sudden shortness of breath, anxiety, fear, pressure in the chest, crushing chest pain radiating to left arm/neck/jaw, dizziness, pallor, dyspnea
Bonus-what are modifiable risk factors for MI? what are non-modifiable risk factors for MI?
what electrolyte imbalances increases risk of arrhythmias?
potassium (hypokalemia/hyperkalemia) and calcium (hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia)
List 4 risk factors of ICP?
brain injury, hemorrhagic stroke, increased CSF, subdural hematoma
BONUS- what is herniation?
What are risk factors for respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation (anxiety, pain)
What interventions can be done to prevent increased intracranial pressure?
use mobility devices (assistive devices), wear a helmet, use seatbelt, wear corrective vision aids, exercise
Which dysrhythmia is the sinoatrial (SA) node activated less frequently? Decreased heart rate and decreased blood is pumped to the rest of the body
Sinus bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 for adults)
BONUS- what is ventricular fibrillation? can it lead to cardiac death?
EXTRA BONUS-what causes dysrhythmias? manifestations of dysrhythmia?
what are 5 risk factors for increased clotting (hypercoagulation)?
virchow's triad:
1.hypercoagulation
2.immobility
3.endothelial damage
Describe early/mild VS late manifestations of dementia
early/mild- difficulty learning new info, anxiety, forgetfulness noticeable by family, irritability, impaired reasoning, mood swings
late- lacks interest in environment, total hygiene care, does not recognize family, incontinence
risk factors for metabolic alkalosis?
vomit, nasogastric tube suction, hypokalemia
Name 3 potential causes of acute renal failure
Prerenal:dehydration, acute bilateral kidney disease, severe/prolonged circulatory shock (blood loss) or heart failure
Intrarenal: Nephrotoxins, pyelonephritis
Postrenal: Mechanical obstruction (calculi, blood clots, tumors)
describe what each test is:
1. echocardiogram
2. electrocardiogram
1. echocardiogram: ultrasound waves create picture of heart. Diagnostic test for coronary artery disease
2. electrocardiogram (EKG): measures electrical activity of heart
BONUS- what is troponin?
what is Atherosclerosis? what are risk factors?
plaque build-up. hypertension, high cholesterol, genetics, sedentary lifestyle
random excitation of neurons in one or both sides of the brain
Bonus- List 4 interventions for seizure
what is steatorrhea?
bulky, greasy, fatty stool.
Bonus-what condition can cause it?
What are 5 manifestations of liver cirrhosis?
hepatic encephalopathy, esophageal varices, ascites, edema, altered blood clotting, jaundice, altered hormone function, decreased bile production,