cardio HTN/ general
what is true about cardiac output? choose all that apply:
a. hr x sv
b. affected by preload, contractility and afterload
c. number of beats per minute
d. amount of blood ejected by ventricle with each beat
a and b
___- sided is the most common type of heart failure. Blood backs up into ____
left, lungs (pulmonary edema/ congestion)
what is the primary drive for breathing?
elevated levels of carbon dioxide in blood (acidotic blood pH)
what is the functinal unit of the kindey?
the nephron
____ is the most potent diuretic
loop
____ are specialized nerve ending that are in the aortic arch and corotid sinuses. They are sensitive to stretching and spend impulses to the sympathetic vasomotor center to constrict/dilate blood vessels.
baroreceptors
systolic heart failure is characterized by (choose all that apply):
a. weakened heart muscle
b. stiff heart muscle
c. normal ejection fraction
d. increased end diastolic volume
a and d
what are the two types of COPD. Can you have both?
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
yes, if you have both it is called mixed phenotype COPD
does phenazopyridine cure UTIs?
no, its an analgesic, it helps to relieve pain d/t UTI
xanthines (theophyline) are used to treat _____ and ______
stim CNS to promote bronchodialtion
relief and prevention for COPD and asthma
what is primary hypertension? give one example of a risk factorfor primary hypertension cause.
primary HTN usually has no identifiable cause
Race, Intake of sodium, Smoking, low K, Family hx, Advanced age, high Cholesterol, Too much caffeine, Obesity, Restricted activity, Sleep apnea
True or False: PAC and PVC are examples of ectopy
True. Ectopy = early contraction
tachycardia, palpitations, and tremor are all common side effects of ______ (a bronchodialtor)
short acting beta2 antagonists
what are the functions of the renal system?
(hint: Very Clever People Make Exciting Explorers)
Volume, Concentration, Ph balance, Metabolic gluconeogensis, Excretion of metabolic waste, EPO --> Rbc production
this drug can treat cerebral edema, acute renal failure, and shock. It pulls water into the renal tubule without sodium loss
osmotic diuretics, mannitol
angioedema, hyperkalemia, and renal failure are a major side effects this antihypertensive drug
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS)
____ angina is due to a vasospasm and not atherosclerosis. It is strongly associated with cocaine use an smoking
variant/ prinzmetal
List three clinical manifestations of atlectasis. How do you prevent atlectasis?
clinical manifestations: dyspnea/tachypnea, cough, fever/ chest pain
prevention: incentive spirometer, cough, deep breath
what are the two major risk factors for chronic kidney disease? How do we prevent CKD? Can we reverse it?
diabetes (45%), HTN (27%)
prevention: control of above diseases, ACE inhibitor/ARB
not reversible
what is the difference between dihydropyridines and nondihydropyradines? What element are they both affecting?
Dihydropyridine CCBs (nifedipine and amlodipine) primarily act on vascular smooth muscles. Nondihydropyridine (Diltiazem and verapamil) CCBs primarily act on the heart.
what is the problem with a dilated cardiomyopathy vs restrictive cardiomyopathy?
dilated: enlarged LV - inadequate contraction due to weak wall, this is the most common
restrictive: "fibrosis", less common scarred tissue often sue to radiation, causes excessive rigidity
Virchow's triad is a theory that three factors contribute to the development of blood clots, also known as thrombosis. What are these 3 factors?
hyper coagulability, venous stasis, vascular damage
what type of asthma is part of the the allergic triad? What type of hypersensitivity reaction is this and what type of antibodies are involved?
allergic (atopic) asthma
type 1 hypersensitivity - IgE mediated
A 55 yo male presents to the emergency room complaining of severe pain in his lower back, as well as Nausea and Vomiting. His temp is 101.2F. Patient states that he eats ice cream each day for breakfast and as part of his dinner. What is the most likely diagnosis?
renal calculi
A patient comes in complaining of pain and burning with urination. She is sent home with medication and calls the following day alarmed that their urine is dark brown! Is this concerning? What medication do you suspect the patient is taking? Is it bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
nitrofurantoin (macrobid), brown urine is a common SE, it is bacteriostatic