Respiratory 1
This chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa causes airway hyper-responsiveness and reversible constriction, leading to episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, cough, and mucous production.
What is asthma?
The normal range for this blood measurement of acidity or alkalinity is 7.35 to 7.45.
What is pH?
This test measures the kidneys’ overall ability to filter blood. It decreases with age, kidney damage, hypotension, or the use of medications such as NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors.
What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
This noncancerous condition of the prostate has a higher incidence in older men and African American individuals and is influenced by factors such as age, family history, race, ethnicity, and diet.
What is benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?
This bacterial infection, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis, spreads through airborne droplets from the respiratory system and primarily affects the lungs.
What is tuberculosis?
This chronic respiratory condition is characterized by airway inflammation due to long-term irritation from smoking and recurrent infections, leading to excessive mucus production, airway obstruction, fibrosis, and a chronic productive cough lasting at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years.
What is chronic bronchitis?
The normal PaO₂ value indicating adequate oxygen in the blood.
What is 90–100 mmHg?
This renal condition results from an immune reaction that damages the glomerular membranes, leading to decreased GFR and increased BUN. It often follows a streptococcal infection, where antigen-antibody complexes cause inflammation and blockage of the glomeruli.
What is glomerulonephritis?
These two laboratory values increase in the blood as kidney function declines, indicating impaired renal filtration.
What are blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr)?
Characterized by early nonspecific symptoms like anorexia and weight loss, this disease may also present with chronic cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, hemoptysis, chest pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, and pleural effusions.
What is lung cancer?
This condition occurs when an air-filled bleb or blister on the lung surface ruptures, allowing atmospheric air to enter the pleural cavity and causing part of the lung to collapse.
What is a spontaneous pneumothorax?
This superficial measurement obtained by pulse oximetry normally shows 95–100% oxygen saturation.
What is SaO₂?
This hormone is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Its release is stimulated by tissue hypoxia, but production decreases in chronic kidney disease.
What is erythropoietin?
This kidney disorder results from ischemia or hypoxia causing damage and sloughing of renal tubular cells, leading to blockage of the tubular lumen, decreased urine output, and further injury to the nephrons.
What is acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
This condition, often seen in patients with COPD, involves an increased production of red blood cells as the body’s attempt to improve oxygen delivery, resulting in a hematocrit level greater than 55%.
What is polycythemia?
This chronic lung condition involves abnormal enlargement of peripheral airspaces, destruction of alveolar walls and capillary beds, loss of elastic recoil, and hyperinflation of the lungs. This condition leads to impaired gas exchange and airway hyper-reactivity.
What is emphysema?
The normal range for this metabolic component that helps maintain acid-base balance is 22 to 26 mEq/L.
What is HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonate)?
These life-style modifications (2) help prevent the formation of renal calculi (kidney stones) by diluting the urine and reducing the concentration of stone-forming substances.
What are increased fluids and dietary changes?
This infection of the kidney's renal pelvis is usually caused by bacteria such as E. coli that ascend from the lower urinary tract and is more common in people with diabetes or weakened immune systems.
What is pyelonephritis?
In smokers, this manifestation is more indicative of lung cancer rather than airway irritation from smoking.
What is hemoptysis?
This life-threatening condition causes tracheal deviation away from the affected side, decreased or absent breath sounds, hyperresonance to percussion, subcutaneous emphysema, and cardiovascular compromise from decreased cardiac output and hypotension.
What is tension pneumothorax?
The normal PaCO₂ range showing proper ventilation.
What is 35–45 mmHg?
This inherited kidney disorder, which can be autosomal dominant or recessive, is characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in both kidneys. These cysts enlarge and destroy normal kidney tissue.
What is polycystic kidney disease?
This is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI).
What is acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs but also impacts this body system by producing thick, sticky mucus.
What is the gastrointestinal (GI) system?