Cardio Ischemia & MI
The key diagnostic ECG differences between a non-STEMI and a STEMI and the degree of myocardial necrosis.
What is a Non-STEMI? It shows ST depression/T-wave inversion (subendocardial damage);
What is a STEMI? It shows ST elevation representing transmural (full-thickness) myocardial necrosis.
This difference in Ejection Fraction (EF) and clinical mechanics between HFrEF (Systolic HF) and HFpEF (Diastolic HF)
What is EF <= 40% with impaired contractility/pumping (HFrEF)?
What is an EF >= 50% with impaired ventricular relaxation/compliance (HFpEF)?
An immune mediator driving mast cell degranulation in the early phase asthma and the parasympathetic neurotransmitter responsible for bronchospasm.
What is IgE? What is Acetylcholine? (binds to M3 receptors)
This cellular defect in Cystic Fibrosis creates thick, dehydrated mucus in the airways.
What is impaired chloride transport across epithelial membranes? (leading to sodium and water hyperabsorption).
Three predisposing factors make up Virchow's Triad for the development of Pulmonary Embolism (PE).
What is Venous Stasis, Hypercoagulability, and Vessel Wall Injury?
A process involving neurohumoral activation of Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, and Catecholamines, causing structural hypertrophy and dilation of the left ventricle.
What is Myocardial / Ventricular Remodeling? (after severe MI or chronic HTN)
Stage of heart failure when a patient with structural heart disease (such as a prior MI or LV hypertrophy) experiences exertional dyspnea and peripheral edema.
What is Stage C?
(Structural heart disease with past or current HF symptoms)
This structural change in bronchial walls occurs in chronic bronchitis and drives this hypersecretion
What is Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of submucosal mucous glands and goblet cells?
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) occurs in premature infants due to a deficiency in surfactant produced by this specific pulmonary cell type.
What is Type II Pneumocytes? Or What is Alveolar Epithelial Cells?
physical examination findings which indicate pulmonary consolidation in a patient with bacterial pneumonia
What is Dullness to percussion, increased tactile fremitus, inspiratory crackles, and egophony ("E" to "A" change)?
Nicotine, cigarette smoke, and oxidized LDL impair the release of this potent vascular vasodilator, leading to endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular tone.
What is Nitric Oxide?
Lab marker for HF severity that's released by stretched ventricular myocytes in response to increased preload and fluid overload.
What is B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)?
Breakdown of this connective tissue protein involves destruction of alveolar septa in Emphysema.
What is Elastin? (Breakdown by proteases like elastase)
This acute pulmonary syndrome involves cytokine-mediated damage to alveolar-capillary membranes, neutrophil influx, and hyaline membrane formation.
What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
A characteristic lesion consisting of caseous necrosis seen on chest X-ray in Tuberculosis (TB).
What is Tubercle Granuloma?
A form of angina occuring unpredictably (often at rest or cyclically) caused by vasospasm of a coronary artery rather than exertional plaque obstruction.
What is Prinzmetal (Variant) Angina?
This genetic primary cardiomyopathy is characterized by asymmetric septal hypertrophy and risk of sudden cardiac death in young athletes.
What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
An inherited homozygous genetic defect which leads to early-onset emphysema in non-smokers due to uninhibited elastase activity.
What is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?
A chronic respiratory disease caused by occupational inhalation of inorganic dust particles (e.g., silica, asbestos, coal) leading to interstitial fibrosis.
What is Pneumoconiosis? ****
A condition is defined as right ventricular enlargement/failure resulting secondary to chronic pulmonary hypertension and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
What is Cor Pulmonale?
The amount of time it takes during acute myocardial ischemia, when cell death becomes irreversible.
What is 20 minutes?
A pediatric inflammatory disease that causes acute systemic vasculitis of small/medium arteries, placing children at high risk for coronary artery aneurysms and thrombosis.
What is Kawasaki Disease?
This spirometry finding is the diagnostic hallmark of obstructive lung disease (COPD/Asthma)?
What is a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio?
(< 70% of predicted) with air trapping
The underlying pathophysiological cause of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) in patients with left heart failure?
What is fluid shifting during sleep shifts from the lower extremities to central circulation that increases intrathoracic blood volume and pulmonary venous pressure?
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) enters host airway cells by binding its spike protein to this specific surface receptor.
What is ACE-2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2) receptor?