Pathophysiology Basics
What term describes hospital-acquired infections?
Nosocomial
Which organelle is the “power plant” of the cell?
Mitochondria
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Which term describes new, abnormal growth?
Neoplasm
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
Which prevention level is a Pap smear?
Secondary prevention
What transport process requires energy?
Active transport
Which WBCs dominate acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
Which acronym is used for warning signs of cancer?
CAUTION
Which hormone from the kidney stimulates RBC production?
Erythropoietin
A patient reports fatigue and pain. Which are these classified as?
Symptoms (subjective findings)
A smoker’s lung tissue changes from ciliated columnar to squamous cells. What is this?
Metaplasia
A wound healing with wide gaps and scar tissue is?
Secondary intention
In the TNM system, “N” refers to what?
Lymph node involvement
Severe colicky flank pain radiating to the groin is most characteristic of?
Urolithiasis (kidney stones)
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Incidence = new cases in a time frame; Prevalence = all existing cases
Which cell communication type involves neurotransmitters?
Synaptic signaling
Name two systemic manifestations of inflammation.
Fever, ↑ WBCs, fatigue, malaise
Which cancer hallmark means loss of maturity of cells?
Anaplasia
Diverticulitis results from what structural change in the colon?
Outpouchings (diverticula) that become inflamed
A patient with diabetes develops neuropathy. This is which prevention level?
Tertiary prevention (managing complications)
A patient with HTN has thickened heart muscle. Which adaptation is this?
Hypertrophy
A burn that destroys the epidermis & dermis is classified as?
Full-thickness burn
What are the 3 stages of carcinogenesis?
Initiation, Promotion, Progression
A child ≥4 years old with repeated inappropriate stool passage likely has?
Functional fecal incontinence