fluid and electrolytes
4 major cations
2 major anions
cations-
sodium(extracellular), potassium(intracellular), magnesium(intracellular), calcium
anions-
phosphate, bicarbonate
nitric oxide stimulates ___? endothelin stimulates ___?
thromboxane A2 activates ___? prostacyclin inhibits ___?
1- vasodilation
2- vasoconstriction
3- clotting
4- clotting
COPD causes what type of heart failure
right ventricular failure
would you give a pt with COPD a lot of o2?
no, it would deplete their respiratory drive bc they rely on low o2 levels to want to breath.
what does the brain solely rely on to function?
glucose
what is the most important electrolyte?
potassium
LDL is secreted on ________ and HDL is excreted from ______.
1- artery walls
2- body
causes of systolic and diastolic HF
systolic-
MI, HTN, recurrent ischemia
diastolic-
myocardial hypertrophy, ischemia, and valvular disease
chronic hypoxia stimulates ___ secretions by the ___ which stimulates the bone marrow to synthesize RBC, this process is called ___.
erythropoietin, kidneys, erythropoiesis.
what are three things that can lead to a hemorrhagic stroke?
what causes a thrombotic stroke?
what causes an embolic stroke?
intracranial aneurysm, HTN, and head trauma.
arterial occlusions and TIA's.
atrial fibrillation.
what electrolyte imbalance would a pt have if they had decreased DTR or relflexes?
hypermagnesemia
what are 4 things that cause after load to increase?
1- HTN
2-vasopressor meds
3- aortic stenosis
4- pulm. HTN
for left heart failure inadequate perfusion is ___ and pulm. congestion is ____?
2- backward
how does asthma cause bronchial edema?
inflammation causes vasodilation and vascular permeability which leads to the swelling of bronchial walls.
when seizures appear to result from abnormal activity in just one area of the brain they are called?
focal seizures
what electrolyte imbalance might a peaked T wave suggest
hyperkalemia
when the muscles in theft ventricle get bigger, what also increases?
its demand for o2, coronary artery blood flow.
systolic heart failure has the inability to generate adequate ____ to _____ tissues.
1- cardiac output
2- perfuse
list how chronic hypoxia leads to car pulmonale.
chronic hypoxia -> plum. arterial vasoconstriction -> plum. HTN -> cor pulm.
when Alzheimer diseases causes tau proteins to be unstable, what do they do?
(tau is the protein that is affected AD affects)
leads to neurofibrillary tangles that prevent nutrients from reaching the brain, causing cell death.
what are non renal causes of hypovolemic hyponaturemia (loss of sodium and fluid)
GI losses, excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomitting
describe the RAAS system
drop in bp, renin is released from kidneys, angiotensin is released from the liver, renin acts with angiotensin to form angiotensin l, angiotensin-converting enzyme is related from the lungs and reacts on angiotensin l to form angiotensin ll. angiotensin ll acts on the adrenal gland to stimulate aldosterone. aldosterone acts directly on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of salt and water.
constriction of the pulm. artery creates a high after load for the ____ which can lead to ___?
1- right ventricle
2- right sided heart failure
if a pt chemoreceptors in the brain become insensitive to Co2 levels, what is the next stimulus to breath?
chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies that are stimulated by hypoxemia.
what are 4 causes of AD?
1- neurofibrillary tangles
2- senile plaques
3- cerebrocortical atrophy
4- deficiency of acetylcholine