My Brain Hurts
A patient in Stage 1 of increased intracranial pressure is typically awake and alert with these pupillary and breathing findings.
What are equal and reactive pupils with normal breathing (eupnea)?
This waste product is a byproduct of muscle metabolism and is considered a reliable marker of kidney function.
What is creatinine?
This term describes an early-stage cancer that is localized to the epithelium and commonly found in the cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, or bronchus.
What is carcinoma in situ?
This acute complication of diabetes is most common in patients with Type 1 DM and is associated with ketone production.
What is DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)?
This hormone is co-secreted with insulin in about a 50:1 ratio and helps control blood sugar by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety, and inhibiting glucagon after meals.
What is amylin?
A patient presents with sudden right-sided weakness and slurred speech. you suspect a ______
What is a left-sided ischemic stroke?
This test reflects the speed at which creatinine is cleared from the bloodstream, normally 110–125 mL/min, and is closely tied to GFR.
What is creatinine clearance?
This hallmark of cancer allows tumors to spread to distant sites, often making the disease more difficult to treat and leading to poor prognosis.
What is activating invasion and metastasis?
This acute complication is more common in Type 2 DM, is characterized by profound hyperglycemia and dehydration, but usually has no significant ketone production.
What is HHS (hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state)?
In Type 2 Diabetes, this organ decreases glucose uptake, contributing to elevated blood sugar levels
What is the muscle?
A patient is in a persistent vegetative state but not brain dead.
What is brain stem activity allowing basic functions like breathing?
The presence of these structures in urine sediment indicates cellular precipitates, often coming from higher up in the urinary tract.
What are casts?
By avoiding programmed cell death, abnormal cells achieve this hallmark that allows them to survive far longer than normal.
What is resisting cell death?
Kussmaul respirations and fruity breath odor are hallmark clinical findings of this diabetic emergency.
What is DKA?
Confusion, diaphoresis, tremors, difficulty arousing, and a critically low blood glucose level in a patient with liver failure.
What is hypoglycemia?
A patient with increased intracranial pressure develops irregular respirations, bradycardia, and hypertension.
What is Cushing’s triad?
This blood test is a gross measure of renal function and an indicator of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal concentrating ability.
What is BUN (blood urea nitrogen)?
his hallmark gives cells the ability to keep dividing indefinitely by maintaining their telomeres.
What is enabling replicative immortality?
This laboratory finding is a key difference between DKA and HHS:
What is arterial blood gas (pH level)?
DKA shows metabolic acidosis with low pH
HHS shows near-normal pH.
In Type 2 Diabetes, this organ fails to adequately increase satiety signals, contributing to overeating and worsening hyperglycemia.
What is the brain?
In Stage 4 of increased intracranial pressure (decompensation/herniation), pupils are bilaterally dilated and fixed. Breathing may become irregular or ataxic, and surgical or medical interventions are usually this
What is futile (ineffective)?
This type of acute kidney injury occurs when blood flow to the kidneys is reduced, often due to conditions such as major hemorrhage, severe burns, vomiting, diarrhea, distributive shock, or congestive heart failure.
What is prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
This hallmark, also called the “mutator phenotype,” gives abnormal cells a survival advantage by rapidly accumulating DNA damage and mutations that drive progression.
What is genomic instability?
Both DKA and HHS are medical emergencies, but this condition typically has a higher mortality rate due to older age of onset and severe dehydration.
What is HHS?
This lifestyle intervention increases the activity of insulin receptors, improving glucose uptake and sensitivity, and is considered one of the most effective non-pharmacologic strategies for managing Type II diabetes.
What is physical exercise?
This type of cerebral edema occurs when the blood–brain barrier is disrupted, allowing plasma proteins to leak into the extracellular space and draw water with them.
What is vasogenic edema?
This type of acute kidney injury is caused by obstruction of urine flow, leading to increased intratubular pressure, decreased GFR, and possible hydronephrosis. Common causes include kidney stones, prostate enlargement, and tumors.
What is postrenal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
This virus is strongly associated with cervical cancer and is a prime example of how chronic infection can lead to DNA damage and neoplasia.
What is human papillomavirus (HPV, especially types 16 and 18)?
Despite opposite fluid and sodium imbalances, the underlying pathophysiology of both SIADH and DI involves this hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
In Type 2 Diabetes, this phenomenon occurs when the pancreas continues secreting more insulin in response to rising blood glucose, eventually leading to beta cell exhaustion.
What is hypersecretion of insulin?
At this stage of intracranial hypertension, ICP approaches systemic blood pressure, leading to decreased cerebral perfusion. Clinical findings may include Cheyne–Stokes respirations, sluggish or dilated pupils, widened pulse pressure, and bradycardia.
What is Stage 3 intracranial hypertension?
This type of AKI results from direct injury to the kidney tissue itself, such as acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, or nephrotoxic drugs.
What is intrarenal AKI?
This multi-organ syndrome in cancer patients is characterized by increased energy expenditure, decreased energy intake, and profound weight and muscle loss, and it cannot be fully reversed by nutritional support alone.
What is cachexia?
A patient with this condition will often appear dehydrated with sunken eyes, dry mucous membranes, and excessive thirst.
What is diabetes insipidus?
The progression of Type 2 Diabetes involves both insufficient insulin and this worsening cellular defect, which prevents cells from recognizing and responding to insulin effectively.
What is insulin resistance?