Blood Flow
Name one role of the circulatory system
Transport oxygen
Transport nutrients
Remove metabolic waste
The pacemaker in a healthy heart
SA Node
Name one mechanism underlying dysrythmias
What scale is used to describe a person's level of conscioussness in clinical practice?
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
-Speaking out of turn in conversations
-Withdrawal from social situations
-Increased volume of voice when speaking
-Increased volume of radio or television
-Confusion
-Loss of reaction to loud sounds
-Emotional outbursts
The three layers that make up valves and arteries
Tunica intima, media, and adventitia
Name one artery that supplies the heart with blood
Left anterior descending
Circumflex
Right coronary artery
Complication associated with atrial filbrillation
Thrombus formation and risk of stroke
Describe a tonic-clonic seizure
Non-aware seizure characterized by loss of consciousness, followed by muscle rigidity and contractions.
A child presents with a foreign body in their ear. What type of hearing impairment is this likely to cause?
Conductive hearing impairment
A dangerous complication of deep vein thrombosis
Pulmonary embolus
The storage form of ATP is called
Creatine phosphate
Ventricular dysrythmias significantly lower ___________.
Cardiac output
What are the two key pathologic findings associated with Alzheimer's Disease?
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and build up of beta amyloid plaques
This eye condition results in gradual peripheral vision loss due to high intraocular pressure
Chronic open angle glaucoma
The six P's that describe the signs/symptoms of arterial occlusion
Pallor, Pulselessness, Parasthesia, Paralysis, Pain, Polar
Describe cardiac tamponade and the three key findings associated with it.
List 3 signs/symptoms associated with left sided heart failure
Subarachnoid hematoma/hemorrhage
Describe the clinical features that are consistent with otitis media? How is it treated?
-Often follows URTI
-Inflamed, red, bulging TM
-Dullness and no osseous structures
-Treat with antibiotics
Describe the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis
Endothelial injury, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, immune cells infiltrate and smooth muscle proliferates, foam cells develop, lipid core forms on the arterial wall that is encapsulated
Describe the process of myocyte contractility
Action potential triggers depolarization, T-tubules open to let sodium and calcium in, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium exposes the binding site on actin which allows myosin to bind and form a cross brdige, myosin pulls actin toward centre and causes shortening of the sarcomere
List 3 signs/symptoms associated with right sided heart failure
Describe the mechanism of ischemic brain injuries, specifically related to calcium.
Ischemia: damages mitochondria --> decrease ATP (less effective Ca2+ pump), mitochondria release Ca2+; glutamate activates NMDA receptors which also leads to release of Ca2+; ++ calcium causes damage to cell membrane and death
Describe the difference between dry and wet age-related macular degeneration.
Dry: more common, caused by degeneration of outer retina, pigmented, and choroid layer; accumulation of cellular debris seen on exam. Main symptom: blurred vision and inability to see detail.
Wet: more severe and faster progression; fluid collects under retina --> leads to blurred vision (key feature is that straight lines look wavy) and can cause retinal detachment