1
A client with a mass located in the ______ may present with excessive vomiting.
What is medulla oblongata?
One of the changes in the lens caused by aging is a __________, making it harder to focus on close objects.
What is loss of elasticity?
Treatment for hypothermia include ____, _______ and ____.
What is applying warm blankets, administer warm fluids and place in a warm environment?
This is the loss of acuity resulting from pressure on the optic nerve, which blocks flow of nutrients to the optic nerve fibers, leading to their death.
What is glaucoma?
Changes in the cornea caused by the aging process causes an _____________
What is increase in astigmatism?
An infant usually sleeps between ___ & _____ per day.
What is 10 - 16 hours?
arousal is mediated by the ______
What is reticular activating system?
Hypothermia can cause ____, ______ and ____.
What is shivering, bradycardia, and hypotension?
This is a state of deep sleep that requires vigorous stimulation to elicit eye opening.
What is stupor?
A client with hypothermia is at risk for asystole with a temperature of __________.
What is 30*C or lower?
A client with an injury to the ________ may keep the client in a vegetative state following the injury.
What is the brainstem?
An infants sleep consists of _________% of REM sleep
What is 50?
This is the breathing pattern that reflects respirations based primarily on carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood
What is Cheyne-stokes?
A client with hyperthermia that has a temperature of ________ is at risk for nerve damage producing convulsions.
What is 41*C?
This commonly affects the leg area of the motor cortex, resulting in weakness or paralysis of the leg.
What is anterior cerebral artery stroke?
Nociceptors can be found _______ and in other tissues like _______, ______ and ______.
What is skin; joints, viscera and muscles?
This occurs when there is a blockage in the blood vessels supplying the brain, which results in a lack of blood flow and oxygen to the affected area.
What is ischemic stroke?
This term describes an explosive, disorderly discharge of cortical neurons.
What is seizure?
Myasthenia gravis results from a reduction in this neurotransmitter?
What is acetylcholine?
Chronic pain lasts longer than ________
What is 3-6 months?
This is a speech disorder that occurs due to muscle weakness or paralysis, making it difficult to articulate words.
What is dysarthria?
These cells line the ventricles and choroid plexuses involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid.
What is ependymal cells?
If a client has multiple apneic episodes longer than _______, they may be diagnoses with __________.
What is 10 seconds; Obstructive sleep apnea?
These support cells in the Peripheral nervous system is responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath in the PNS.
What are the Schwann cells?
This can result in long-term cognitive and neurological deficits due to the widespread damage to axons in the brain.
What is diffuse axonal injury?
This support cell of the Central Nervous system is responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath in CNS.
What is oligodendroglia?
This is an insulating substance for the neuron.
What is Myelin?
This occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and causes bleeding.
What is hemorrhagic stroke?
This is the involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes.
What is nystagmus?
This is a tool used to assess the level of consciousness in patients with central nervous system dysfunction. It evaluates eye opening, verbal response, and motor response to determine the degree of impairment.
What is Glasgow Coma Scale?
The ____________ is responsible for voluntary movements, such as walking and talking, while the _______________ controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate and digestion.
What is somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system?
The purpose of this structure is to enclose and protect the brain and its associated structures.
What is the cranium?
This type of pain is characterized by sharp and well-localized pain
These are branches of the subclavian arteries and supply blood to the spinal cord, as well as the brainstem and cerebellum.
What are vertebral arteries?
________ results from destruction of dopamine-secreting neurons.
What is Parkinson's disease?
This is characterized by the inability to recall events or information that occurred before the onset of amnesia. This can include both recent and distant memories.
What is retrograde amnesia?
This is the amount of cerebrospinal fluid that is produced daily
What is 600ml?
The two major functions of they hypothalamus is to _____________ and ________.
What is maintain constant internal environment and implement behavioral patterns?
The cerebellum _____________
What is maintains balance or posture?
This neurotransmitter is involved with mood, anxiety and sleep induction.
What is serotonin?
This is characterized by brief, shock-like muscle contractions that can affect a specific muscle group or the entire body.
What is myoclonic seizures?
This is the inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia, while retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of memories before the onset of amnesia.
What is anterograde amnesia?
These are components of a neuron.
What is the axon, dendrites and synapse?
________ acts as an insulating layer around nerve fibers, allowing for faster conduction of nerve impulses
What is myelin?
These support cells of the Central Nervous System is the key immune cell in the CNS.
What is microglia?
This is the loss of vision in the same visual field of both eyes, is a common sign of stroke involving the posterior cerebral artery.
What is homonymous hemianopia?
An injury to this portion of the brain could result in _____ posturing.
What is midbrain; decerebrate?
This is when thought content and arousal level are intact but a patient cannot communicate and is immobile.
What is locked-in syndrome?
Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, is a common sign of a __________. This occurs because the _________________ supplies blood to the motor areas of the brain.
What is middle cerebral artery stroke; middle cerebral artery?
This part of the brain contains all cell bodies and dendrites of neurons?
What is gray matter?
These pair of structures regulates the complex emotional responses to pain?
What are the limbic and reticular system?
This is when a client falls asleep unless stimulated verbally or tactilely, and answers questions with minimal response
What is obtundent?
This is the division of the Central Nervous System includes the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.
What is Hindbrain?
This is characterized by flexion of the arms, wrists, and fingers with internal rotation and adduction.
What is decorticate posturing?
This is characterized by the involuntary flexion of the hips and knees when the neck is flexed. This is a positive sign of meningeal irritation and can be observed in patients with meningitis or other conditions affecting the meninges.
What is the Brudzinski sign?
This is present when a client is unable to extend the knee fully when the thigh is flexed at the hip and indicates meningeal irritation and is commonly seen in conditions such as meningitis.
What is a positive Kernig sign?
These structures are included in the Forebrain Telencephalon {there are 3}.
What is the cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex and basal ganglia?
These are the criteria for brain death.
What is absence of all cerebral activity, absence of brainstem reflexes, isoelectric EEG, and no spontaneous respiration?
These structures of the brain are within the Forebrain Diencephalon{there are 4}.
What is the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus and subthalamus?
These are risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea. {there are 3}
What is obesity, smoking, and old age?