Structure and Function
Name the two divisions of the PNS.
Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System
List the assessment scale used to grade traumatic brain injury severity and name the assessment categories.
Glasgow Coma Scale:
Eye opening response
Verbal response
Motor response
What maternal factor during pregnancy raises the risk for neural tube defects?
Lack of folic acid
What type of seizure is defined as a "continuing or recurring seizure activity in which recovery from seizure activity is incomplete... can last for 30 minutes or more"?
Status epilepticus
What year marks the first cohort of nursing students at UW-Madison?
1924
What nervous system contains efferent impulses? (Be specific)
List four clinical manifestations of a CVA.
Weakness of face and arm, unilateral numbness, visual field changes in one eye, aphasia, dysarthria, imbalance or ataxia
What is a tell-tale sign for retinoblastoma?
Leukocoria
Name three mechanisms that lead to dementia.
Neuron degeneration, brain tissue compression, atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, brain trauma, infection, neuroinflammation
Name 3 of the 6 SoN values.
Collaboration, Excellence, Integrity, Respect, Innovation, and Equity
Name the organ responsible for vital physiological processes.
Medulla Oblongata
What is the difference between a primary spinal cord injury and a secondary spinal cord injury?
Primary: occurs due to vertebral injuries (initial mechanical trauma and immediate tissue destruction)
Secondary: pathophysiological cascade of events that begins immediately after injury and continues for weeks
What is the main factor that contributes to congenital hydrocephalus?
Increased CSF production or drainage to increase CSF pressure which in turn enlarges the ventricles
Identify what area of neurons are affected in ALS and Guillain-Barré syndrome.
ALS: both upper and lower motor neurons
Guillain-Barré syndrome: lower motor neurons
What was the first graduate nursing program here at UW-Madison's SoN?
Master of Science in Pediatric Nursing
What cells are involved in neuron repair/regeneration?
Schwann Cells of the PNS
Name each type of cranial bleed and name a characteristic that differentiates it from one another.
Epidural hematoma: loss of consciousness at injury
Subdural hematoma: gradual bleeding development, acute and chronic types, increased intracranial pressure leads to headaches
Intracerebral: bleeding into the brain itself, expanding mass that increases intracranial pressure, cause decreasing level of consciousness
List four s/s for a child with increased intracranial pressure.
From textbook: headache, vomiting, somnolence (behavioral changes), bulging of fontanelles
Others: visual changes, seizures, motor changes
Name one similarity and one difference between Huntington's Disease and Parkinson's Disease involving their pathophysiology?
Similarity: both involve severe degeneration of the basal ganglia
Difference: Parkinson's involves the dopaminergic pathway and results from a reduced concentration of dopamine
When did Signe Skott Cooper Hall first open?
August 2014
Walk through a full cranial nerve assessment.
1: Smell
2: Snellen chart, PERRLA
3, 4, 6: Cardinal positions of gaze
5: Facial sensation with a soft/sharp object, mastication
7: Facial symmetry
8: Whisper test, balance test, Romberg's
9, 10, 12: Open mouth, say "ahh", swallow, stick out tongue and move side to side
11: Place hands on shoulder and have them lift against resistance
MS: acquired chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease involving the destruction of myelin coating on axons causing a disruption in nerve conduction.
MG: acquired chronic autoimmune disease where IgG autoantibodies are produced against acetylcholine receptors causing a defect in nerve impulse transmission.
There are three subtypes of cerebral palsy. Name the pathophysiology for one of the types.
Pyramidal/spastic: Damage to corticospinal pathways (upper motor neurons)
Extrapyramidal/non-spastic:
- Dystonic: Damage to basal ganglia
- Ataxic: Damage to cerebellum
Name each type of CVA (hint: there are 5) and define them.
Transient ischemic attacks: results from an ischemic event and causes neurological dysfunction lasting less than 1 hour.
Thrombotic stroke: arterial occlusions caused by thrombi formed in arteries supplying the brain or in the intracranial vessels.
Embolic stroke: fragments that break form a thrombus formed outside of the brain.
Hypoperfusion: associated with systemic hypoperfusion resulting in inadequate blood supply to brain.
Hemorrhagic stroke: where bleeding causes compressed brain tissue, leading to ischemia, edema, and increased ICP and necrosis. HTN is primary cause.
What was the name of the first building for UW-Madison's SoN?
Nurses' Dormitory