Cellular Injury
Most common cause of cell damage is-
Hypoxic injury
This accounts for around 30% of the body's total water content
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Plays a vital role in nerve and muscle activity, heart rhythm, and fluid balance within cells
Potassium
Lungs fail to adequately remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body, leading to a buildup of acid in the blood
Respiratory acidosis
“There’s no crying in baseball!”
Jimmy Dugan, A League of Their Own
This can lead to tissue damage and systemic symptoms, further contributing to cellular injury
Inflammation
Fluid distribution that results in the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces
Edema
Essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, blood clotting, and hormone release. Most abundant mineral in the human body.
Calcium
Serious, potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes that results from a shortage of insulin and a buildup of ketones in the blood
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
“I feel the need… the need for speed!”
Maverick, Top Gun
Molecules with unpaired electrons, making them highly reactive and unstable
Free radicals
The movement of water, or a solvent, across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of lower water concentration (high solute concentration)
Osmosis
A vital mineral for various bodily functions, including muscle and nerve health, blood sugar regulation, bone health, energy production, protein synthesis, and enzyme function
Magnesium
Condition characterized by an excess of acid in the body fluids, resulting in a decrease in blood pH
Metabolic Acidosis
"Fat guy in a little coat"
Tommy, “Tommy Boy”
Death of cells or tissue caused by injury or disease
Necrosis
Molecules or ions move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
Causes include kidney disease, certain medications, diet very high in potassium, or excessive intake of potassium supplements, diabetes, heart failure, and certain types of tumors
Hyperkalemia
Can be caused by hyperventilation, anxiety attacks, hypoxia, fever, ASA overdose
Respiratory alkalosis
"You shall not pass!"
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Gandalf
The cell shrinks and fragments into smaller pieces, which are then engulfed by phagocytes, preventing inflammation
Apoptosis
Describes the fluid movement across capillary walls based on the balance between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure
Starling’s Hypothesis
Causes include hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, kidney disease, pancreatitis, medications, blood transfusions, severe sepsis, trauma, and certain genetic disorders
Hypocalcemia
Can a person be both alkalotic and acidic? If so, provide an example.
Yes. Alcohol abuse disorder might experience metabolic acidosis due to ketoacidosis and metabolic alkalosis due to vomiting and loss of stomach acid or
Aspirin poisoning, where increased breathing can lead to respiratory alkalosis, while the aspirin itself can cause metabolic acidosis
“If you ain’t first, you’re last.”
Ricky Bobby, “Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby”