Key Concepts Ch.7
The process by which molecules passively spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
What is diffusion?
This level is used to evaluate an individual’s nutritional status.
What is albumin?
Urine output of fewer than 400 mL/day or fewer than 20 to 30 mL/hour.
These two things need to be frequently monitored in heart failure due to increased binding and risk of toxicity.
What is Potassium blood level and digitalis level?
This area secretes ADH, which causes water reabsorption into the bloodstream.
What is the Posterior pituitary gland?
The tendency of molecules of a solvent to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one
What is osmosis?
When there is a decrease in circulation or drop in blood pressure, the kidney senses decreased perfusion and releases renin and stimulates this system.
What is the RAAS?
A systolic blood pressure decrease of at least 20 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure decrease of at least 10 mm Hg within 3 minutes when going from a lying to a standing position.
What is orthostatic hypotension?
Rapid administration of this can cause cardiac arrest.
What is Potassium?
This causes excess secretion of ADH and excess water reabsorption, which results in hypervolemia and dilutional hyponatremia.
What is SIADH?
The passing of certain molecules through the plasma membrane with assistance from carrier proteins. (ex. Glucose undergoes this with the help of insulin.)
What is facilitated transport?
For example, swelling can be reduced using an Epsom salt bath, which is a hypertonic magnesium salt solution. Placing a swollen finger in an Epsom salt bath will draw ICF from the finger into the Epsom salt solution, thereby reducing the finger’s swelling.
What is Starling's Law?
A diet that consists of fewer than 1,500 mg of sodium per day. Recommended in hypertension and heart failure.
What is a low sodium diet?
The human body is 60% water, and it is contained in these three different compartments.
What are intracellular, interstitial, and extracellular?
The three types of intravenous solution.: isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic
What are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic?
Occurs when a substance requires energy to pass through a membrane against a concentration gradient
What is Active transport?
These attempt to enhance venous return from the lower extremities up to the heart in patients on bedrest.
What are thromboembolic stockings? (TEDS, or SCDS)
A patient who receives normal saline or hypertonic saline needs to be watched carefully for this.
What is edema? (particularly pulmonary edema)
This is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone.
What is Angiotensin II?
A clinical syndrome characterized by progressive and potentially reversible dysfunction in two or more organs or organ systems that is induced by a variety of acute insults, commonly sepsis.
What is MODS?
Explains that there are two major forces at every capillary-cell interface in the body: hydrostatic and osmotic pressure.
What is Starling's Law?
When pressure is applied to a small area and an indentation persists for some time after the release of the pressure.
What is Pitting edema?
Sodium that is less than 125 mEq/L has a high mortality rate and has the highest incidence in Postoperative and elderly patients.
What is Severe hyponatremia?
This increases sodium and water reabsorption into the bloodstream and excretes potassium into the urine.
What is aldosterone?
In this typ of shock, the amount of blood in the body’s vasculature is reduced. The low blood volume causes low blood pressure. Commonly caused by extensive loss of blood, as occurs in hemorrhage.
What is hypovolemic shock?