Diabetes
What group of complications are diabetics at risk for
What are cardiovascular and renal complications?
What is the most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis?
What is a post-streptococcal infection?
Which fats raise LDL levels
What are trans and saturated fats?
What measurement is used with BMI to assess obesity related health risk
What is waist circumference?
Decreased renal perfusion activates this system
What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
These are the two main defects in Type 2 diabetes.
What are insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction?
This damage to glomerulus causes these subastance to leak into urine
What are proteins and red blood cells
What is cholesterol buildup in arterial walls
This body type is associated with abdominal fat and higher metabolic risk.
What is apple-shaped (android) obesity?
This explains why the arterial wall experiences increased stress as body mass increases
What is increased cardiac output?
This lipid disorder pattern is seen in diabetes and includes ↑ TG, ↑ LDL, ↓ HDL.
What is diabetic dyslipidemia?
This explains why damage to the glomerulus decreases urine output
What is decreased glomerular filtration rate?
This explains the prevention of lipid accumulation in blood vessels
What is HDL transporting cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver?
This explains why abdominal fat is more harmful than subcutaneous fat
what is visceral fat
This explains why blood vessels lose the ability to relax in hypertension
What is decreased nitric oxide (NO) production?
This is why glomerulonephritis is more severe in diabetic patients.
Why are glomeruli already inflamed and structurally weakened before infection?
This explains why mesangial cell activation leads to reduced space for filtration
What is increased matrix production?
This imbalance explains why lipid levels remain elevated
What is increased lipid production and decreased clearance?
This refers to increased number of fat cells.
What is adipocyte hyperplasia?
This explains why long-term hypertension creates a cycle of worsening vascular damage
What is continued endothelial injury
This explains why prolonged hyperglycemia leads to stiff and less elastic blood vessels over time
What are advanced glycation end-products(AGEs)
This explains how lipid accumulation contributes to cellular injury of the glomerulus
What is oxidative stress? (free radical formation?)
This can lead to lipotoxicity by accumulating in non-adipose tissues
What are increased free fatty acids?
This process in the liver increases triglyceride production in obesity.
What is conversion of free fatty acids into triglycerides?
This is why hypertension is sustained even without increased blood volume
What is increased systemic vascular resistance?