Adaptive immunity
What are the 2 types of immune responses in adaptive immunity?
Humoral and cell-mediated
What are the 6 types of pathogens?
Protist, Prion, Virus, Bacteria, Parasite, Fungi
For a pathogen to cause disease it must... (list the 4 steps in order)
I do not make my own antibodies. Instead, I receive antibodies that were produced by another individual. My protection is immediate, but it does not usually last as long. What am I?
Passive Artificial immunity
List 5 types of cells affiliated with adaptive immunity
any 5 of
- T lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, Memory T cells, Memory B cells, Plasma cells, Cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells
Ringworm is an example of what type of pathogen?
Fungi
A thick protective layer that surrounds some bacteria that helps prevent recognition from immune system is?
Capsules
This cell that is associated with adaptive immunity, produced by a process that both B and T Lymphocytes undergo and destroy infected body cells.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
What is the name of the process where B and T Lymphocytes split into different cells and what do they both split into?
Clonal expansion, B Lymphocytes split into memory B and plasma cells, T Lymphocytes split into memory T and Cytotoxic T cells
Which type of pathogen consists of misfolded proteins?
Prions
Molecules of proteins or carbs on the surface of a pathogen that help it attach to host cells are called?
Adhesins
What is the term for a molecule on the surface of a pathogen that can be specifically recognised by the adaptive immune system?
Antigen
Explain the difference in response between 2 individuals
- individual 1 never encountered this strain of virus
- individual 2 has encountered this strain of virus
Individual 1: Slow response → undergoes adaptive immune response → develops memory cells.
Individual 2: Fast, stronger response → memory cells rapidly respond
This pathogen has a cell wall made of linked sugar units called a chitin, what pathogen is this referring to
Fungi
A pathogen produces substances that damage or kill host cells, disrupt normal cellular functions and contribute to disease symptoms. What are these substances called?
What are the 4 types of Acquired immunity and provide examples of each
Active natural- getting sick
Active artificial- vaccines
Passive natural- breastfeeding/ placenta
Passive artificial- antivenom
When does the adaptive immune response kick in? (need both roughly how many days and after what responses)
Roughly 4-7 days after pathogen enters the body and after the innate immune response
Unlike bacteria, this pathogen contains genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and relies on a host cell's machinery to replicate. What is it?
Virus
What does MHC stand for (hint: is the molecule that helps the immune system identify self cells)
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Explain why some protists can also be parasites?
Protist is the name given to a category of organisms biologically whereas parasite is the name given to describe how an organism lives.