Pituitary
The pituitary hormone that is unaffected/remains normal in Juvenile Panhypopituitarism
What is ACTH?
The layer of the adrenal cortex that is spared in adrenocortical trophic atrophy (secondary to hypopituitarism) but is affected in typical Addison's disease.
What is the zona glomerulosa?
What is a common, (mostly) non-functional lesion in the equine thyroid?
Thyroid adenoma! They are derived from c-cells or thyroid follicular cells
Your client's secret ferret is having issues of weight loss, lethargy, collapse, seizures, ataxia, and ptyalism. What do you suspect it has?
An insulinoma!
Severe hypocalcemia can result in what clinical presentation?
Tetany/paresis
Can be a result of: idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, surgical removal of parathyroid glands, secondary destruction, parturient hypocalcemia
The common result of Failure of Fetal Endocrine Function (FFEF) in ruminants
What is prolonged gestation aka delayed parturition?
The more likely etiology of hyperadrenocorticism when the adrenal glands are bilaterally enlarged
What is a functional pituitary tumor aka pituitary-dependent Cushing's?
Mustard or kale ingested by the dam during pregnancy can lead to what disease in the fetus?
Thyroid gland hypofunction: goiter/congenital thyroid gland hyperplasia. Other ways: genetic, low iodine, other goitrogenic compounds, or too high iodine.
Which of the following are true (multiple):
a. severe, acute pancreatitis can cause diabetes mellitus
b. diabetes mellitus in dogs is commonly found to be due to genetics
c. vacuolar degeneration of beta cells can occur resulting in DM
d. hyperadrenocorticism can cause DM
A, C, D!!
True or False: primary hyperparathyroidism lesions never metastasize
True! They are adenomas!
The three potential functional outcomes of pituitary orders of growth
What are hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism, and no change in pituitary function?
The typical inciting event of adrenal-associated endocrinopathy (AAE) in ferrets and the zone of the adrenal gland that is typically affected
What are early gonadectomy and the zona reticularis?
Which is false?
1. A rabbit has an isthmus
2. Thyroid follicular cysts are generally not associated with an endocrinopathy
3. Low iodine leads to decreased TSH thus causing goiter
4. Dogs usually get hypothyroidism and cats usually get hyperthyroidism
3. Low iodine leads to INCREASED TSH thus causing goiter (through follicular hypertrophy)
Risk factors of diabetes mellitus in cats include:
islet amyloidosis, obesity, lymphocytic inflammation, and other diseases like a GH secreting pituitary tumor
Which of the following are true about hypercalcemia in primary hyperparathyroidism?
a. can cause vomiting, anorexia, constipation, PU/PD, weakness and lethargy
b. cause metastatic mineralization
c. can cause urinary calculi
d. can cause bone deposition to get rid of excess Ca in blood
A and C
- since phosphorus is low, metastatic mineralization does not occur (PTH causing decreased P)
- hypercalcemia triggers bone lysis (high PTH is activating osteoclasts)
The species that is most likely to develop...
1. an acidophil adenoma
2. a tumor of the pars intermedia
3. a functional corticotroph tumor
What are
1. cats
2. horses
3. dogs
The link between pheochromocytoma and hyperglycemia
What is stimulation of glucagon release in response to increased circulating epinephrine from the adrenal medulla and development of hyperglycemia?
What lesions are associated with feline hyperthyroidism?
Left ventricular hypertrophy (driven by high metabolic rate), hyperactivity, azotemia, polyphagia and weight loss, vomiting, and hyperparathyroidism (usually all four glands will be enlarged)
What are the four pathways to diabetes mellitus?
1. Inadequate synthesis or release of insulin by beta cells
2. antagonism of insulin by other hormones or drugs
3. decreased sensitivity of target cells to insulin
4. glucagonoma
What is a response to hyperparathyroidism in the thyroid gland?
Hyperplastic C cells in the thyroid gland. Trying to tone down the calcium - will not stop making calcitonin because the parathyroid is causing calcium to always be high
Four potential causes or etiologies for neurogenic/central diabetes insipidus and the primary clinical consequence of DI
What are
1. Space occupying pituitary tumors
2. Traumatic injury and secondary hemorrhage into the sella turcica
3. Inflammation (granuloma, abscess, etc.)
4. Defect in ADH synthesis in the supra optic nucleus
Clinical consequence: profound PUPD
The two common lesions seen in multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome in bulls
What are pheochromocytoma and calcitonin-secreting C cell tumors?
A dog comes in with a cervical mass and owner elects euthanasia and necropsy. You diagnose a thyroid carcinoma. What might you have seen on necropsy?
Invasion of tumor into local tissues (jugular vein, lymph nodes, esophagus, vagosympathetic trunk) and thrombosis of jugular vein.
A dog is carried in by the owner because his paws are too painful and red to walk. Owner notes diarrhea in the past few days. What do you suspect based off of your endocrine knowledge?
A glucagonoma!
A cat comes in with ulcers in it's mouth, small kidneys, low vitamin D, and high FGF23
Secondary hyperparathyroidism from renal disease. This will be diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia
- decreased GI absorption of Ca and P
- increased P from renal disease might be pulling Ca from circulation
- Ca maintained at expense of skeleton. High Ca and high P will result in metastatic mineralization