Cardiac
Describe dyslipidemia
Imbalance of LDL & HDL (too much LDL and overall cholesterol, not enough HDL)
Define obstructive and restrictive lung diseases
Obstructive: Narrowing of the airways leads to impaired expiration (e.g., COPD)
Restrictive: Stiffness of the airways leads to impaired inspiration (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis)
What is the most abundant cell in the body and what if their primary function?
RBCs (erythrocytes)
O2 transport & regulate pH
Which immune response is primarily responsible for sudden redness, swelling, itching and itching after exposure to an allergen
Mast cell degranulation
The food should you avoid when taking Atorvastatin
What is grapefruit?
What is atherosclerosis and what does it mean if it's found in the arteries of the heart?
Atherosclerosis is accumulation of plaque in arterial wall
Coronary artery disease
Describe the 3 inhalation methods
Inhaler – for rescue & maintenance, requires spacer to get full dose of medication
Diskus – for daily maintenance, does not require spacer, has dose counter
Nebulizer – converts medication to a mist, does not require strong inhalation
Name 5 symptoms of anemia and 2 places we can check on all skin colors
Pallor, cold extremities, fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, lowered activity intolerance, dyspnea on exertion, SOB, tachycardia, HA
Conjunctiva, tongue, palms, nail beds
Name the inflammation response in order (4 in total)
1. Hemostasis (clotting)
2. Vasodilation
3. Increase capillary permeability
4. Activate the complement system
Medications that are contraindicated with use of Digoxin
Antiarrhythmics, loop& thiazide diuretics
The difference between triglycerides and cholesterol
Triglycerides store unused calories and provide your body with energy
Cholesterol is used to build cells and certain hormones
5 factors that determine how much O2 travels in the body
Hgb/quality of RBCs
Availability of O2 in air & blood
Breathing (decreased compliance/elasticity)
Gas exchange
Pulmonary edema
Most common cause of folate deficiency anemia
Alcoholism (may need referral to alcohol cessation)
Patho of RA
Exposure to altered HLA results in immunoglobulins becoming altered into autoantibodies called Rheumatoid Factors (RF)
Class of Theophylline
DAILY DOUBLE!
The 3 populations this medication is NOT recommended for:
Methylxanthines
Elderly, children, smokers
The 3 goals of long-term pharmacologic treatment for HF
Improve cardiac contractility (Positive inotropic effect)
Decrease HR - reduces work on heart (Negative chronotropic effect)
Reduce fluid volume (Diuretics)
3 potential causes of metabolic acidosis
Renal failure, DKA, lactic acidosis, severe diarrhea
Describe pernicious anemia (cause and result)
DAILY DOUBLE!
Name the 4 other reasons one may poorly absorb vit B12
Congenital and/or autoimmune
Decrease in IF d/t destruction of gastric parietal cells which causes the inability to absorb vit B12 in small intestine
Gastric surgery
Celiac disease
Crohn's disease
Insufficient dietary intake (rare)
Tell me the difference between humoral and cellular immunity
DAILY DOUBLE!
Tell me what each B and T cell do
Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies, primarily includes plasma and memory B cells that can activate the complement system
Cellular immunity is mediated by cells, primarily cytotoxic, regulatory, and memory T cells
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Plasma B cells create antibodies in response to initial ifxn
Memory B cells “remember” pathogens & create antibodies in response to secondary
Cytotoxic T cells kill cells marked w/ antibodies
T regulatory cells regulate immune response (prevent autoimmunity)
T memory cells “remember” pathogens & attack if infected again
Contraindication for Ipratropium
BPH
Describe angina, what causes it, and where one might feel it
Chest pain/discomfort from insufficient blood flow to the heart (AKA ischemia)
Caused by insufficient flow of oxygen through coronary arteries, increased need for oxygen in heart, or both
May radiate to jaw, neck, shoulders, or arms
How do you interpret this ABG?
pH: 7.48 (ref: 7.35-7.45)
PaCO2: 50 (ref. 35-45)
HCO3-: 28 (ref. 22-26)
Partially compensated metabolic alkalosis
Ingredients needed to make RBCs (3 total), and the ingredients needed to be produced for RBC formation (2 total)
Iron (hemoglobin formation)
Vit B12 (RBC division)
Folate (RBC division)
Erythropoietin (from kidneys)
Hematopoietic stem cells (from bone marrow)
Damage from RF initiates adaptive immune response targeted at joint cartilage—what cells will be activated and what will they do?
WBC's (neutrophils) degrade cartilage & bone
T cells turn synovium into granulation tissue --> local hypoxia & acidosis in joint
Name the 3 DMARDs ,what they inhibit, and the result
Methotrexate - folic acid metabolism -> decreased DNA synthesis
Hydroxychloroquine - protein synthesis -> decreased immune cell activation and cytokine production
Sulfasalazine - prostaglandin synthesis -> decreased inflammation