What Do You Call That?
This process is preprogrammed cell death
What is apoptosis?
A mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type to adapt to a change in environmental conditions
What is metaplasia?
Water moves between body compartments via hydrostatic pressure and this pulling pressure which results from a chemical gradient
What is osmotic pressure?
Kidneys control the rate of excretion of hydrogen ions and levels of this to regulate pH
What is bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)?
Mild, undesirable effects of a drug, even at the recommended dose
What are side effects?
A disease process that develops gradually with milder symptoms, often intermittent with acute episodes
What is a chronic disease?
This describes cells which vary in size and shape within a tissue, may be pre-cancerous
What is dysplasia?
Loss of these dissolved substances results in decreased plasma osmotic pressure resulting in edema
What are plasma proteins?
Respiratory acidosis is usually characterized by low pH and high levels of this
What is carbon dioxide (CO2)?
This is an unusual or unique response to a drug
What is an idiosyncratic reaction?
These manifestations of disease, such as headache and nausea, cannot be measured but are reported by the patient
What are symptoms?
This describes immature, undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
What is anaplasia?
With this type of obstruction, excessive fluid and protein are not returned to general circulation resulting in localized edema
What is lymphatic obstruction?
Low pH values mean there is more of this ion
What is hydrogen (H+)?
One drug is taken to enhance the effects of another drug
Number of new, old, or existing cases of a disease
within a given population and time period
What is prevalence?
This describes reduced oxygen in tissues
What is hypoxia?
Lower blood pressure, rapid weak pulse, increased hematocrit, and increased temperature can be signs of this fluid imbalance
What is dehydration?
Abnormal levels of this electrolyte can lead to neurological consequences such as seizure disorders
What is sodium (Na+)?
A larger dose that is administered initially to raise blood levels of a drug to an effective level quickly
What is a loading dose?
Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another
What is a communicable disease?
This mechanism of cell damage may be caused by exogenous or endogenous substances
What is chemical damage?
The body attempts to compensate for fluid loss by increasing these two things
What are increased thirst and increased heart rate?
Lower levels of this electrolyte can be associated with cognitive change, especially regarding memory and executive function
What is sodium?
This is established for each drug based on the absorption, transport in the blood, and excretion rate (half-life) of the drug
What is the optimum dosing schedule?