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Which of the following containers of water would have the highest concentration of table salt?
A glass with 100mL of water and 50 grams of salt
A glass with 500mL of water and 2,000 grams of salt
A glass with 50mL of water and 10 grams of salt
What is a glass with 500 mL of water and 2,000g of salt?
Which hormone produced by the kidneys produced RBCs?
Erythropoietin
What are the differences between atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia?
Atrophy - decrease in size of cells
Hypertrophy - increase in the size of cells
Hyperplasia - increase in the number of cells
Describe the components of and differences between natural (innate) and adaptive (acquired) immunity.
Adaptive - develops over time (T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, vaccines, breastfeeding)
What impact does smoking have on the development of respiratory infections? Cancer?
Paralyzes cilia, causes chronic inflammation, introduces carcinogens and free radicals into body
How does the body regulate fluid volume?
What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
What is the definition of anemia?
Low RBCs and/or low hemoglobin and hematocrit
What is metaplasia and why would this occur?
One cell type replaced by another type due to environmental changes
i.e. GERD
What are the symptoms of inflammation and why/how do they occur?
SHARPS
Mast cells releases histamine --> increased permeability and vasodilation
Why are we concerned with the development of clostridium difficile when a patient is on antibiotic(s)?
Antibiotics kill intestinal flora; some intestinal flora is good for intestines
Which hormones are involved in regulating fluid volume?
Anti-diuretic hormone, aldosterone
Which of these types of erythrocytosis/polycythemia would most likely result from chronic pulmonary disease in which oxygenation is an issue?
Relative polycythemia
Primary polycythemia
Secondary polycythemia
Secondary polycythemia
What is neoplasia?
Describe the difference between nosocomial and opportunistic infections.
Nosocomial - occurs in hospital setting
Opportunistic - r/t decreased/weakened immune system
What does consolidation on a chest x-ray indicate? The actions of what type of WBC could cause this?
What possible effects does dehydration have on BUN, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit?
BUN - increased
Hematocrit - increased
Hemoglobin - increased
Thrombocytopenia would be diagnosed if the patient had a:
Platelet count of 240 x 103/mm3
WBC count of 18 x 103/mm3
WBC count of 6 x 103/mm3
Platelet count of 90 x 103/mm3
Platelet count of 90 X 103/mm3
What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
Lack of oxygen (hypoxia)
How do immunizations work? What type of immunity do they provide?
Infection is introduced to the body and antibodies are formed; active acquired immunity
Why/how does cachexia occur in a patient with cancer?
Severe form of malnutrition; WBCs release mediators that break down fat and muscle
Explain the difference between the intracellular space, the extracellular space, and the interstitial space.
Intracellular - inside cell
Extracellular - outside cell
Interstitial - between cells
This type of anemia would likely exhibit a low MCV, low MCHC, and high RDW:
Hemolytic anemia
Blood loss anemia
Pernicious anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
What are free radicals?
Molecules produced as a result of energy production in the cell (which causes inflammation and oxidative stress)
What is the difference between inflammation and infection?
Inflammation - immune response to remove injurious agent and protect against infection
Infection - occurs when bacteria or virus enters the system and immune system is not able to fight it
What happens during Tumor Lysis Syndrome and why is it a medical emergency?
Cancer causing cells breakdown at a very quick rate and release their products into bloodstream --> kidneys cannot filter properly, which can lead to hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia