Hypovolemic Shock
Cardiogenic Shock
Distributive Shock
Obstructive Shock
Hypoxia
Acid-Base & Electrolyte Disturbances
100
Causes of Hypovolemic Shock include Trauma (such as lacerated arteries or GI bleeds) but also can include atraumatic causes such as this:
What is Dehydration or loss of fluids
100
Cardiogenic shock occurs when this organ cannot pump a sufficient amount of blood to maintain an effective Cardiac Output
What is the Heart
100
In general all distributive shock is due to this phenomenon:
What is Uncontrolled Vasodilation
100
Obstructive shock is caused by this
What is a Physical Obstruction blocking the forward flow of blood through the circulatory system
100
In the absence of oxygen, cells may rely on the following type of metabolism to create ATP, resulting in the buildup of Lactic Acid and a 'dirty burn.'
What is Anaerobic Metabolism
100
This cause of respiratory acidosis leads to lack of Oxygen reaching the tissues to perform internal respiration and buildup of CO2 in the blood
What is Hypoxia
200
Decrease in perfusion of tissues and organs due to insufficient blood volume in the vascular space leads to stimulation of this part of the nervous system
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System
200
This is the most common cause of Cardiogenic shock:
What is a large Myocardial Infarction
200
This type of Distributive Shock is due to an exaggerated immune response to an Antigen (foreign protein)
What is Anaphylactic Shock
200
These are the three main causes of Obstructive Shock
What are:
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Tension Pneumothorax
- Cardiac Tamponade
200
This metabolic waste product builds up during Anaerobic metabolism, accumulating in tissues and contributing to metabolic acidosis
What is Lactic Acid
(or Lactate)
200
Overdosing on aspirin (salicylic acid) is a potential toxin that can cause this acid base disturbance:
What is metabolic acidosis OR respiratory alkalosis
(this is a trick question, it can cause either!)
300
When the patient's blood pressure falls we say that they have entered this stage of shock:
What is Decompensated shock
300
Cardiac Output is a product of these two things
What are Stroke Volume and Heart Rate
300
This type of Distributive Shock is not characterized by cool, pale skin but instead the skin can be warm with normal color, or sometimes a line of demarcation like seen below:
What is Neurogenic Shock
300
The pulmonary vasculature is most often affected by blood clots for this reason
What is:
It is the first point where the vasculature narrows after returning from the venous system
300
This cellular pump is one of the largest consumers of ATP in the human body. Lack of ATP can cause this pump to stop functioning, causing Na to build up in cells
What is the Sodium/Potassium pump
300
Ingestion of this toxic substance could cause this acid-base disturbance in your patient
What is Metabolic Acidosis due to Ethylene Glycol (antifreeze) poisoning
400
What happens to a patient's Cardiac Output in the initial stages of Hypovolemic Shock?
Cardiac Output is decreased (Fig. 10-11)
400
Pulmonary edema often occurs with Cardiogenic shock for this reason
What is:
The left ventricle cannot accept all the blood trying to return from the lungs, so blood backs up into the pulmonary circulation and increases hydrostatic pressure, forcing fluid through the capillaries into the interstitial spaces around the Alveoli and the air sacs themselves
400
Cervical spine injuries to C3-C5 may cause impairment to the function of this muscle, common in Neurogenic Shock
What is the Diaphragm
400
A late sign of this cause of Obstructive Shock involves shifting the mediastinum away from the affected side
What is Tension Pneumothorax
400
The body can compensate for decreased tidal volume of respirations by increasing this:
What is Respiratory Rate
400
This serious acid base disturbance results when the body can't produce enough Insulin and the body starts to break down fat as fuel, causing a buildup of ketones in the blood
What is Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
500
This causes the Washout Phase of Hypovolemic Shock
The post capillary sphincters fail, allowing the stagnant blood with accompanying microscopic blood clots and lactic acid to washout of the capillaries and reenter the circulation
500
This can cause Jugular Vein Distension (JVD) in patients in Cardiogenic shock
What is blood from the Right Ventricle backing up into the systemic circulation
500
The pathophysiology of Neurogenic Shock includes this type of traumatic injury
What are Severe High Spinal Cord Injuries (above T6)
500
Low-velocity, penetrating chest trauma is a common cause of this type of Obstructive shock
What is Pericardial Tamponade
500
Of the 500mL of air in the average adult tidal volume, 150mL remains in the conducting portions of the airway and is not able to participate in gas exchange. These part of the airway are called the:
What is Anatomical Dead Space
500
What are the missing terms from the bicarbonate buffer system equation below:
______ <=> H2CO3 + H2O <=> H+ + HCO3-
What are Water & Carbon Dioxide
H2O + CO2
