Scientific words
"John hoped that his 'Grand Experiment' would establish once and for all that cholera was spread through contaminated water" (42).
Infected
To John Snow the Broad Street outbreak was a golden opportunity...He thought he had solved the mystery of cholera, and...was looking for a way to prove it" (38).
a great chance
"[Florence Nightingale] championed cleanliness, hygiene, fresh air, and sunshine as ways to prevent and cure disease" (41).
pre-before
keeping something from happening (before the event)
"The next day, workmen were sent out with instructions to remove the handle of the Broad Street pump. The spread of cholera, which had already been declining in the neighborhood, stopped altogether" (44).
getting lower
"No one understood what caused cholera, or how it spread...Some speculated that the people in the poor neighborhoods along the river had...defects in their character" (40).
Miasma
A theoery vapor that people thought got you sick
"Between 1816 and 1923, cholera killed over 2 million people worldwide. The disease came in waves of pandemics, with just a few years of calm in between" (50).
To come repeatedly
ex-out
expel-to get out
"Worried men in tall hats and dark suits gathered in the parish hall to see what could be done to halt the deaths and suffering" (43).
Stop
"The baby was so weak she couldn't even whimper. Her eyes were sunk into her head, and her skin t ook on a bluish tinge" (35).
color/shade
"John marched up and down the streets of Soho, taking samples from all the local pumps...But when he got the vials of water home, they all seemed to be clear" (42).
A small container
"Cholera gets a foothold when natural disasters strike, or when war or instability pushes large numbers of people into crammed refugee camps" (50).
Starts to spread
"John Snow went from house to house in South London, knocking on doors, inquiring how many people in each home had gotten sick and how many had died" (40).
in-into/upon
inquiring-asking
middle of
"Before John could complete his investigations, the Broad Street outbreak began. Could he apply the techniques he had been using in South London to find the source of the outbreak?" (42).
A way of doing something, a strategie
John Snow went from house to house, collecting data on infected water
information
In the middle of
ex-out
exceptions-not included
"When John Snow asked the brewery owner where his workers got their water, he learned they were given a ration of beer every day" (43).
a small amount
"John had been sent to the town of Killingworth in northern England to help miners who were dying from a cholera epidemic. He was appalled by the terrible conditions in the mines" (38).
Upset/horrified
"Epidemiologists are up against tiny but powerful enemies: the germs that make us sick" (3).
People who study diseases
"This district was attacked by a disease which has unfortunately swept away a large number of person who were, the day before, in perfect health...The angel of death had spread his wings over the place" (36).
Personification for lots of people dying
Hundreds, if not thousands, of people were infected with cholera in London. It was a massive epidemic.
Epi-on or upon
Epidemic-a disease that spreads quickly
"There's sickness and death all through Soho. I've seen the hearse outside almost every house up and down Broad Street. There are so many dead, they're piling them two or three deep" (35).
A vehicle that carries dead people
"No one understood what caused cholera, or how it spread...Some speculated that the people in the poor neighborhoods along the river had...defects in their character" (40).
A bad characteristic