FOUNDATIONS
What is cranial nerve number 9 (CN IX)?
Glossopharyngeal
What does a T wave on an ECG represent?
Ventricular repolarisation
What secretes CCK?
I cells in duodenum and jejunum
What is the first line treatment for Type I Hypersensitivity reactions?
Epinephrine/adrenaline/Epipen
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Condyloid, plane, ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle
In sickle cell anaemia, what type of mutation occurs and what amino acids are changed?
Base substitution
Glutamic acid replaced by valine
What is the function of type 2 pneumocytes?
Secrete surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse
What nerve branch provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
What are the 3 steps involved in blood clotting?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation cascade
How is DDH treated in newborns?
Less than 6 months: Pavlik harness
More than 6 months: Femoral head reduction with anaesthesia
What are the 5 symptoms of acute inflammation?
Pain, redness, loss of function, heat, swelling.
At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
L4
What structure pierces the diaphragm at T10?
What activates the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade?
Extrinsic: trauma/tissue injury
Intrinsic: Factor VII exposure to exposed collagen
How is osteoporosis fully diagnosed?
DEXA scan to test for bone density; if T score <-2.5: osteoporosis.
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Site of oxidative reactions with H2O2 generation. Another site for fatty acid metabolism.
What is the most common side effect of an ACE inhibitor and what type of drug would you swap it for?
Dry cough
ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker)
Draw and label the anterior and posterior view of the liver in a minute
Right and left lobe, falciform ligament, IVC, ligamentum teres, caudate process, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe, coronary ligament, common bile duct, gall bladder, hepatic artery proper, portal vein, hepatic veins, right and left triangular ligaments
What are 2 causes of macrocytic and microcytic anaemia?
Macrocytic: B12, folate deficiency
Microcytic: iron deficiency, thalassemia, chronic disease
What are the pits on the surface of bone called?
Howship's lacunae
What disease has XXY chromosomes?
Klinefelter syndrome
What 4 things make up the tetralogy of Fallot?
Overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect (VSD).
Describe how carbohydrates are absorbed.
Glucose + galactose absorbed across apical membrane by 2y active transport along with Na+ via SGLT1 cotransporter. Glucose + galactose leave cell via GLUT2 receptors across basolateral membrane into blood. Fructose enters cell by facilitated diffusion via GLUT5 + transported into blood via GLUT2 receptors.
What 3 things increase vasospasm and platelet aggregation?
VW factor/ADP/serotonin/thromboxane A2
Describe the role of PTH, Vitamin D and Calcitonin in bone metabolism, and state where they are produced/a source.
PTH: chief cells of parathyroid gland - stimulates osteoblasts to produce RANK-L, leading to bone resorption.
Vitamin D: sunlight - stimulates gut absorption of calcium, which is absorbed into bloodstream, increasing calcitonin, inhibiting bone resorption.
Calcitonin: parafollicular cells of thyroid gland - inhibit bone resorption.