Obesity
Which organ is responsible for secreting leptin, the hormone that helps regulate appetite?
Adipose tissue (fat cells)
What is the name of the largest artery in the human body?
The Aorta
What hormone is deficient or ineffective in diabetes mellitus?
Insulin
What is the main function of the alveoli in the lungs?
Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Which part of the brain controls voluntary muscle movement?
The motor cortex
What is the primary anatomical site where fat is stored in the human body?
Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue
Hypertension is defined by consistently elevated blood pressure above what threshold in mmHg?
140/90 mmHg
Which organ produces insulin?
Pancreas
Asthma is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of which part of the respiratory system?
The bronchi and bronchioles
Parkinson’s disease is caused by degeneration of neurons in which brain region?
Substantia nigra
Name one major physiological consequence of central (abdominal) obesity.
Insulin resistance / increased risk of type 2 diabetes
Atherosclerosis primarily affects which layer of the arterial wall?
The intima (inner layer)
In type 2 diabetes, what is the main physiological defect?
Insulin Resistance
What is the term for permanent enlargement of air spaces in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Emphysema
What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson’s disease?
Dopamine
What is the term for the chronic low-grade inflammation often associated with obesity?
Meta-inflammation
What is the physiological role of the left ventricle in the heart?
It pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation
What long-term complication of diabetes affects the eyes?
Diabetic retinopathy
In COPD, what is the pathological effect on lung elasticity?
Decreased elasticity, leading to air trapping
Which progressive neurological disease is characterized by beta-amyloid plaque deposition in the brain?
Alzheimer’s disease
Obesity is associated with changes in which brain center controls hunger and satiety?
The hypothalamus
What pathological change occurs to the myocardium during left ventricular hypertrophy?
Thickening of the heart muscle due to increased workload
Chronic high blood sugar damages which specialized kidney structures, leading to diabetic nephropathy?
Glomeruli
Which muscle plays a key role in breathing and is often weakened in advanced respiratory diseases?
The diaphragm
What is the physiological function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
To protect the brain from harmful substances in the blood while allowing passage of essential nutrients