Musculoskeletal System
What type of bone protects vital organs?
Flat bones
What is the definition of tidal volume?
The amount of air you breathe in or out in one breath
What is a second class lever?
The fulcrum and the effort are at opposite ends of the lever.
Which type of continuous training involves varying your speed and intensity throughout the session?
Fartlek training
What is the definition of reaction time?
The time taken for a performer to respond to a stimulus.
During a cricket bowl, what movement occurs at the shoulder?
Circumduction
What are the functions of red blood and white blood cells?
Red blood cells: Transport oxygen around the body
White blood cells: Fight against infectious diseases
In which plane does a star jump move?
Frontal plane
What is the definition of tedium?
Tedium refers to the concept that training should be varied and interesting to prevent boredom and maintain motivation.
Give 2 limitations of fitness testing
They don’t always replicate sporting movements, not always be accurate/reliable, require a level of understanding to ensure they are carried out correctly, don’t replicate a competitive environment, they require motivation
Gastrocnemius
Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart, and which carries blood back to the heart?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood back to the heart
When performing a bicep curl, the fulcrum is at the elbow, the effort comes from the biceps, and the load is the weight in the hand. What type of lever is this?
Third class lever
Which training method involves alternating periods of work and rest?
Interval training
Which test measures agility?
Illinois Agility Test
Explain how the antagonistic muscle pair at the elbow joint works during a boxing jab, including the agonist, antagonist, and the joint action.
The triceps acts as the agonist and contracts to cause extension at the elbow. The biceps acts as the antagonist and relaxes to allow the movement.
Explain why a marathon runner would benefit from having red blood cells?
Red blood cells carry oxygen, so a high number of red blood cells would lead to more oxygen being delivered to the muscles during exercise. This is important to a marathon runner as it would allow them to work aerobically for long periods.
During a discus throw, the athlete rotates their body to release the discus. Identify the primary plane and axis of this rotation.
Plane = transverse
Axis = longitudinal
Calculate the aerobic training zone (60–80% of MHR) for a 16-year-old.
MHR = 220 − 16 = 204 bpm
Aerobic zone = 60–80% of 204 → 122–163 bpm
Name a type of athlete who would use the ruler drop test and explain why they would need it.
Goalkeeper (football), cricket wicketkeeper, or boxer.
They need quick reaction time to respond to fast-moving balls or opponents, which the ruler drop test measures.
During a rugby scrum, which leg muscles act as the agonist and antagonist, and what type of muscle contraction occurs
Agonist: Quadriceps – these extend the knee to push against the opposition.
Antagonist: Hamstrings – these control the movement by relaxing and providing balance.
Type of muscle contraction: Isometric contraction – the muscles generate force but the length of the muscle doesn’t change.
Describe the pathway of blood through the cardiovascular system, including the four chambers of the heart, the lungs, and the main blood vessels involved.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava, then moves to the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. After gaseous exchange, oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium, moves into the left ventricle, and is pumped through the aorta to the rest of the body.
Identify the plane and the axis used during the following movements:
Cartwheel, Chest pass(basketball), Hammer throw
Cartwheel - Frontal plane, Sagittal axis.
Chest pass - Sagittal plane, Transverse axis.
Hammer throw - Transverse plane, Longitudinal axis
A basketball player took a 4-week break from training due to injury. When they returned, their strength, fitness, and performance had decreased.
Which principle of training does this demonstrate, and why?
Principle: Reversibility
Explanation: Fitness gains are lost when training stops because the body adapts to inactivity, resulting in decreased performance.
Give 3 strengths of fitness testing
Motivate the athletes, set goals for the athletes, helps monitor fitness/improvement, can compare against other competitors / national averages.