Musculoskeletal System
What type of joint is the knee, and what movements does it allow?
Joint: Hinge Joint
Movement: Flexion and Extension
What is the name of the process that occurs in the alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged?
Gaseous exchange
What are the three components of a lever system?
Fulcrum, effort, and load.
Which training method involves moving between different exercise stations that target different muscle groups?
Circuit training
What is the definition of reaction time?
The time taken for a performer to respond to a stimulus.
Identify the connective tissues that link muscles to bones and bones to bones.
Tendon: Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
Ligament: Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.
What is the name for the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat?
Stroke volume
True or False:
When performing a bicep curl, the elbow joint acts as a 3rd class lever.
True
Which training method involves alternating periods of work and rest?
Interval training
Which test measures agility?
Illinois Agility Test
In the pull phase of rowing, the elbow flexes to bring the oar towards the body.
Name the agonist and antagonist muscles at the elbow.
Agonist: Biceps
Antagonist: Triceps
Which muscles contract to help lift the ribs during inhalation?
External intercostal muscles (intercostal muscles usually accepted)
An ice skater performs a vertical spin on one foot.
State the plane and axis of rotation.
Plane = transverse
Axis = longitudinal
Calculate the aerobic training zone (60–80% of MHR) for a 16-year-old.
MHR = 220 − 16 = 204 bpm
Aerobic zone = 60–80% of 204 → 122–163 bpm
Name a type of athlete who would use the ruler drop test and explain why they would need it.
Goalkeeper (football), cricket wicketkeeper, or boxer.
They need quick reaction time to respond to fast-moving balls or opponents, which the ruler drop test measures.
During a bicep curl at the elbow joint, identify the agonist muscle, the type of joint, and the type of contraction occurring during the lifting phase.
Agonist muscle: Biceps brachii
Type of joint: Hinge joint (elbow)
Type of contraction (lifting phase): Concentric contraction
Describe how air travels from the mouth/nose to the lungs during breathing.
Nose/mouth → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
A gymnast performs a cartwheel. Identify the plane and axis of movement.
Frontal plane and sagittal axis.
A sprinter progressively increases the resistance used in weight training. Name the principle of training being applied and explain the physiological benefits for sprint performance.
Principle of training: Progressive overload
Explanation:
The sprinter is gradually increasing the amount of weight lifted, which makes the muscles work harder than normal. This leads to increased strength and power, helping improve sprint performance by allowing the athlete to generate more force and speed.
Give 2 limitations of fitness testing
They don’t always replicate sporting movements, not always be accurate/reliable, require a level of understanding to ensure they are carried out correctly, don’t replicate a competitive environment, they require motivation
Explain how the antagonistic muscle pair at the knee joint works during knee flexion, including the agonist, antagonist, and the joint action taking place.
Agonist during knee flexion: Hamstrings
Antagonist: Quadriceps
Joint action: Flexion at the knee joint
Explanation: The hamstrings contract to bend the knee while the quadriceps relax/lengthen to allow the movement to occur.
Explain how cardiac output increases during exercise and why this is important for working muscles.
Cardiac output increases because heart rate increases and stroke volume increases during exercise.
This means more blood is pumped from the heart each minute.
More oxygen and nutrients (like glucose) are delivered to the working muscles.
Carbon dioxide and waste products are removed more quickly.
This allows muscles to produce more energy for movement and delay fatigue.
A footballer performs a kick. Identify the plane of movement and describe the type of movement that occurs at the hip.
Sagittal plane – flexion and extension as the leg moves forward and backward.
A basketball player took a 4-week break from training due to injury. When they returned, their strength, fitness, and performance had decreased.
Which principle of training does this demonstrate, and why?
Principle: Reversibility
Explanation: Fitness gains are lost when training stops because the body adapts to inactivity, resulting in decreased performance.
Give 3 strengths of fitness testing
Motivate the athletes, set goals for the athletes, helps monitor fitness/improvement, can compare against other competitors / national averages.