Cardiovascular
This equation calculates the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute.
What is cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate?
This term describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
What is ventilation?
This permitted method involves training at high altitude to increase red blood cell production.
What is altitude training?
This method of heat loss occurs when thermal energy transfers from the body to a cooler surface through direct contact.
What is conduction?
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These structures ensure blood flows in one direction through the heart and prevent backflow.
What are valves?
This process occurs at the muscles where oxygen moves from the blood into muscle cells and carbon dioxide moves into the blood.
What is internal respiration?
This synthetic hormone increases red blood cell production but increases the risk of blood clots and is banned in sport.
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
The primary role of this blood component is to transport oxygen around the body.
What are red blood cells?
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These two circuits of the cardiovascular system differ in function, with one transporting deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange, and the other delivering oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
What are the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit?
This process occurs at the alveoli where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out due to concentration gradients.
What is external respiration
These drugs reduce heart rate and tremor and are banned in sports like archery.
What are beta blockers?
This widening of blood vessels increases blood flow to working muscles and the skin during exercise.
What is vasodilation?
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This physiological adaptation in endurance athletes increases the amount of blood pumped per beat, allowing for more efficient oxygen delivery and a lower resting heart rate.
What is increased stroke volume?
When oxygen supply meets oxygen demand, allowing the activity to be sustained without continual increases in ventilation.
What is steady state?
This prohibited method involves reinfusing red blood cells into the body to increase oxygen delivery, but carries risks such as blood clots and disease transmission.
What is blood doping?
This component of blood is crucial for maintaining fluid balance and enabling sweating during thermoregulation, but decreases with dehydration.
What is plasma?
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This process during prolonged exercise involves widening blood vessels to active muscles and narrowing vessels to less active organs to optimise oxygen delivery.
What is redistribution of blood flow through vasodilation and vasoconstriction?
This physiological response explains continued heavy breathing after exercise, as the body restores oxygen stores and removes carbon dioxide.
What is excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)?
To ban a substance or method, this organisation requires that at least what two of three criteria are met
What is WADA criteria: performance enhancement, health risk, and spirit of sport
This method of heat loss relies on the conversion of sweat from liquid to gas and is essential for cooling during prolonged exercise.
What is evaporation?
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