Theory
First warned against by a U.S. president in 1961, this concept describes the mutually reinforcing alliance between defense contractors, the armed forces, and political elites that can incentivize perpetual military spending and conflict.
Where have more than 45,000 children have lost one or both parents since October 2023 — a figure described as the largest orphan crisis in modern history.
The Gaza Strip
Though primarily designed for Europe’s post recovery, critics argue this U.S. initiative helped entrench Cold War spheres of influence by directing European powers to maintain privileged access to African raw materials.
The Marshall Plan
This word refers to the absence of war or violence between states or groups.
Negative peace
Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, he led a nonviolent struggle against segregation and famously declared that “injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”
Martin Luther King Jr or MLK
This influential theory in international relations argues that states sharing this specific form of government are markedly less likely to engage in armed conflict with one another, a claim famously advanced by scholars like Michael Doyle
Democratic Peace Theory
Emerging from the Zaydi revivalist movement in the 1990s, this armed group became a central actor in Yemen’s civil war and now controls Sana’a
The Houthi's
The UN Security Council last invoked this doctrine in a clear and explicit way in 2011, authorizing action to protect civilians during the Libyan uprising
The Responsibility to Protect or R2P
Coined by peace scholar Johan Galtung, this term describes not just the absence of violence, but the presence of justice, social equity, and systems that sustain long-term harmony.
Positive Peace
This climate activist faced backlash from several governments in 2023–2024 after publicly expressing solidarity with Palestinians, leading to diplomatic criticism and her removal from a UN climate panel event.
Greta Thunberg
Frantz Fanon argued that the modern use of the term “terrorism” was shaped by European efforts to delegitimize what?
African liberation movements OR Colonial resistance
What international court issued an arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin in 2023 related to the war in Ukraine?
The International Criminal Court or The Hague
Which Southeast Asian conflict ended in 1975 with the fall of Saigon?
The U.S. invasion of Vietnam or "The Vietnam War"
Coined by Johan Galtung, this term refers to social structures that harm individuals by preventing them from meeting basic needs—even without direct violence.
Structural Violence
This South African archbishop and Nobel laureate helped guide a nation’s post-apartheid reconciliation efforts through the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Desmond Tutu
Gramsci's vision of what challenges dominant ideologies and empowers marginalized voices.
emancipatory peace
In April 2025, the world court began hearing on Sudan’s case accusing what country of ‘complicity in genocide’... Hint: They are aslo the largest importer of Sudans gold.
the United Arab Emirates or UAE
Which International tribunal, set the precedent for recognizing rape as a war crime?
The International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
This term describes states that dominate global trade through extraction of resources, exploitation of foreign labors, and control of global trade routes.
Core States
This leader was charged and executed by the state for acts of seditions: actions, speech or writing, intended to incite rebellion, resistance, or discontent against an established government or authority
Jesus Christ
What is a people-centered concept focusing on protecting individuals from fear of violence by eliminating factors of social violence (poverty homelessness ect) and moves moving beyond traditional state-focused security of borders
Human Security
United Nations has documented soaring violence by settlers in this territory with nearly 3,000 attacks recorded over roughly two years. This reports include the poisoning of spring water, the killing of hundreds of cattle animals, and the massacring and displacement of entire villages during the olive harvesting season...
The West Bank
This 19th-century conflict, sparked by European intervention in the decline of the Qing dynasty, is often cited as a turning point that opened Asia to unequal treaties and set the stage for later anti-imperial wars across the Global South.
The Opium Wars
According to Immanuel Wallerstein, these states occupy the lowest tier of the world economy, characterized by dependent development, extraction-based industries, and vulnerability to exploitation by more powerful countries.
periphery states
This Latin American theologian created Liberation theology, a doctrine which centers the poor as agents of peace and justice, and was closely monitored and sometimes undermined by U.S. intelligence agencies during the Cold War.
Gustavo Gutiérrez