Respiratory System
What is the normal respiratory rate for a newborn?
20-60 breaths per minute
Which region of the head is proportionally larger in a child than an adult?
Occipital Region
Common causes of encephalitis in children.
What is a viral infection, such as enteroviruses or herpes virus, or occasionally by an autoimmune condition? It can lead to rapidly worsening systemic and neurological manifestations.
A child pulse should be assessed at the ______ Artery.
Brachial
Does dehydration in children lead to constipation or diarrhea?
Diarrhea
Why are breath sounds in pediatrics easier to hear than adults?
They have a thinner chest wall.
The number 1 neurological disease in pediatrics is?
Meningitis
What are the soft spots located at the front and back of an infant's head referred to?
Fontanelles
The most common cause of shock for pediatric patients is?
Trauma (Especially Abdominal)
Where is the Peritoneum?
Abdominal cavity
The normal respiration rate for a child 6-12 years old is?
18-30 breaths per minute
Causes of spinal cord injuries.
What are motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, or other trauma?
Identify two common types of pediatric bone cancer mentioned in the material and one defining clinical presentation for each.
What are osteosarcoma is characterized by swelling over the cancer site, pain with increased activity, and a palpable lump. Ewing sarcoma often presents with swelling, discomfort, and increased pain at night, differentiating it from generalized musculoskeletal pain.
The responsive pediatric pulse rate for a child 3 months to 2 years of age is?
100-190bpm
Briefly describe the pathophysiology of Celiac Disease and how it impacts nutrient absorption.
What is Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine, specifically causing flattening or destruction of the villi. This damage impairs the intestine's ability to absorb nutrients, leading to malabsorption of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, which can result in various symptoms and nutritional deficiencies?
What are the 3 components of the pediatric assessment triangle?
Appearance
Work of Breathing
Circulation of Skin
What is the GCS score of a child who opens their eyes to speech, cries, and obeys verbal commands?
12
What are the most common musculoskeletal disorders in pediatrics?
Juvenile Arthritis (JIA)
How much blood can a child lose before significant risk of shock?
Up to 25%
Describe the primary differences in pathophysiology between cleft lip and cleft palate.
What is cleft lip involves a fissure or opening in the upper lip, which can extend into the nostril, resulting from incomplete fusion of facial structures during embryonic development. Cleft palate, in contrast, is an opening in the roof of the mouth, occurring when the palatal shelves fail to fuse, which can involve the hard palate, soft palate, or both, leading to direct communication between the oral and nasal cavities?
In what three ways does the respiratory anatomy of a child differ from adults?
Pediatric airway is smaller in diameter and shorter in length.
Lungs are smaller.
Heart is higher in child chest.
Define epilepsy and list two common diagnostic tools used to confirm its diagnosis.
What is having two or more unprovoked seizures occurring at least 24 hours apart. Two common diagnostic tools are the Electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures brain electrical activity, and neuroimaging studies like MRI to identify structural changes?
Explain at least 3 different treatment options for epilepsy.
What is anti-seizure medication, Vagus nerve stimulator, deep brain stimulator, and surgery (resective surgery: removes the part of the brain causing seizures; disconnection surgery: disconnects the affected area of the brain, laser interstitial thermal therapy: uses a laser to destroy the seizure focus)? It's also important for individuals to avoid seizure triggers.
Explain how the process of electrical conduction in the heart contributes to its pumping function.
What is the electrical conduction system beginning at the SA node, generates and propagates electrical impulses throughout the heart muscle. This organized spread of electricity causes the atria and then the ventricles to contract in a coordinated manner, efficiently pumping blood?
Appendicitis can lead to what if left untreated?
Peritonitis