1
Bone that starts as mesenchymal tissue --> cartilage --> bone
- Axial skeleton
- Long bones
Endochondral
By what age will children have most of their secondary ossification centers that develop distal to the center of the bone?
5 yo
At what age are the growth plates fused?
25 yo
What is the transition to the end of the bone called?
Metaphysis
What is the growth plate itself called?
Physis
Osteoblasts are short bones or long bones?
Short bones
Bone that goes from mesenchymal tissue --> bone
- Flat bones
- Cranial bones
- Clavicle
Intramembranous
What is the end of the bone called?
Epiphysis
What is the middle portion of the bone called?
Diaphysis
Age range:
Ossification of long bones is beginning
3rd month of embryonic development
- Begins 6-7th week of embryonic development
- Completes by age 25
- 2 types: intramembranous (cranial bones, clavicle) and endochondral (axial skeleton, long bones)
Osteogenesis
Do chondrocytes produce short or long bones?
Long bones
Age range:
Most primary ossification centers have formed in diaphysis
4th month of embryonic development
Age range:
Ossification rapidly occurs as most long bones are developing
5-12 yo in females, 5-14 in males
Age range:
Secondary ossification centers appear in epiphysis
Birth-5 years **
Age range:
Sternum, clavicle, vertebrae are becoming completely ossified
23-25 yo
Age range:
UE bones are scapulae becoming completely ossified
17-20 yo
Age range:
Full ossification has occurred
25 yo ***
Age range:
LE bones and coccyx are becoming completely ossified
18-23 yo
High impact jumping activities with GRF of 3.5-8.8x body weight increases bone mass and mineral density
- High school footballers > swimmers and cyclists
- Gymnastics is one of the best osteogenic activities
Intensity of activity > duration
- Best for osteogenesis was > 3.5x body weight and duration of 0.1 seconds
Moderate-vigorous activity most effective
- Ages 11-13
- > 15 mins
Physical activity and osteogenesis
What are the guidelines for moderate-vigorous exercise for children?
% of youths that meet these guidelines?
60 min/day
25-30%
- Leafy vegetables, lean protein (chicken/fish), low-fat dairy, whole grains, and nuts/seeds
- Breast feeding as infant
- Mother and patient diet of milk, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, protein, folate, calcium and vitamin D
Increased bone density and mass -- Diet and osteogenesis
Only ___% of PE classes showed to meet threshold for moderate to vigorous physical activity?
40%
- High fat
- High inflammatory diet
- High fat
- High sodium
- Processed foods
Reduction in bone formation and density -- diet and osteogenesis
The evidence suggests that incorporating muscle and bone strengthening activities at least 3 days per week is beneficial. What % of adults meet this recommendation?
18%