Skill development
About how many words should be in a 2 year old's vocabulary?
A) 20
B) 200
C) 2,000
B) 200 words, a 5 year old is capable of around 2,000 words.
T or F: Preschoolers play by doing parallel play.
F- They do associative play, which has no rules, its just fun chasing running around.
What do hyperactive bowel sounds indicate?
A) Leigonnaires' disease
B) Constipation
C) Dehydration
D) Diarrhea
D) Likely diarrhea.
The most common craniofacial anomaly which causes feeding difficulties, increased air intake, delayed or altered speech development, and otitis media.
A) Ostomies
B) Dehydration
C) Oral candidiasis
D) Cleft lip/palate
D) Cleft lip/palate. After doing surgery, what interventions should you do/advise?
T or F: 2 year olds often ask "why".
F- 5 year olds are likely to ask "why", use around 2,000 words, explain how to use something, and can talk about past, future, and imaginary events. 2 year olds speak in complete sentences, follow instructions with 2-3 steps, can name most familiar things, have a vocab of ~200 words.
What are some safety teachings for preventing firearm injuries in preschoolers? [Select all that apply]
A) Keep weapon and ammunition separate
B) Tell the child not to go looking for the firearm
C) Keep them hidden and locked in a safe
D) Keep in areas inaccessible to the child.
A, C, and D. Telling the child not go look for the firearm(s) seems like a game to them that will prompt them to search.
Which option(s) are important considerations for a patient with a barium swallow ordered?
A) Utilizes a fiberoptic endoscope to visualize the inside of the gut.
B) Indicated for gallbladder surgery.
C) Females of reproductive age must be screened for pregnancy before.
D) Indicated for malrotation, foreign body ingestion, and dysphagia.
C & D. Radiation exposure would make it contraindicated to pregnant individuals.
Aganglionic megacolon where bowel will become impacted, a temporary colostomy and anastamosis are necessary interventions.
A) Interssusception
B) Appendicitis
C) Hirschsprung disease
D) Celiac disease
C) Hirschsprung disease.
A 4 year old is given a piece of fruit and their parent gives them a cue, which causes the child to reply with "thank you". If you were to ask why the child said "thank you", what would you expect the 4 year old to say?
A) I recognize and appreciate the extrinsic value and consideration to me from you. Your ability to part with this fruit appeases me.
B) I don't know, my mommy said say it.
C) I get rewarded when I say it.
D) I'm a good boy.
C) Morality is not well established, preschoolers know that they were rewarded for good actions and punished for bad actions.
Select true statements. [Select all that apply]
A) Benzoyl peroxide should be used sparingly & avoid the eyes
B) Infants skin absorbs topical meds slower compared to adults
C) Antifungals can be used for atopic dermatitis
D) Sunscreen must be applied 15 minutes before sun exposure, then q3h
E) Cellulitis presents as erythema and edema around the affected area
A & E. Antifungals are good for tinea (ring worm) & candida rash. Sunscreen apply 30 minutes before and reapply q2h. Infants have thinner skin, so their absorption is increased.
For which option might an antidiarrheal be administered?
A) Intersussception
B) Short gut syndrome
C) Gastroenteritis
D) Hirschprung disease
B) Short gut syndrome. With less gut for absorption, we want the chyme to get as much exposure time to small intestine as possible, so as to increase absorption rate.
Pyloric sphincter is narrowed, chyme has no where to go but to be returned to sender.
A) Meckel diverticulum
B) Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
C) Gastroenteritis
D) Short bowel syndrome
B) Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Projectile vomiting occurs, occurs around 6th week of life, laproscopic surgery to snip pyloric sphincter necessary. Maintain fluids and correct electrolyte imbalances.
What actions are concerning to find in a 3 year old?
A) Doesn't show a variety of emotions
B) Withdrawn or inactive
C) Cannot complete self-care activities
D) Falls down often or had trouble with stairs
D) Falls down often or has trouble with stairs.
All other options are concerns in 5 year olds. Other concerns for 3 year olds are drooling or unclear speech, inability to work with simple toys (building blocks), and doesn't make eye contact.
The child looks at a diorama with a mountain with houses on one side and animals on the other side. The child is allowed to see both sides, and now sits on the side with the animals. When asked to describe what they see, the child describes the animals. When asked to describe what others on the other side of the mountain see, the child says they see the animals as well (they are on the side with the houses), which shows the child can only cognitively think about themselves. What option is this describing?
A) Freud's phallic stage
B) Kohlberg's moral development
C) Erikson's Initiative vs Guilt
D) Piaget's Preoperational
E) Piaget's Intuitive
D) Piaget's Preoperational. The child demonstrates egocentrism, they are not cognitively developed enough to recognize the difference.
What interventions and tests should be done for a patient with gastroesophageal reflux? [Select all that apply].
A) Offer Senna
B) 24 hr pH probe
C) Prokinetics
D) Serum amylase
B & C. Prokinetics speed up gastric emptying so there is less to reflux. The 24 hour pH probe will tell us when acid starts refluxing up esophagus. Senna and amylase are irrelevant to this condition. H2 receptor antagonists and biopsy are additional tests and interventions to perform.
Which is true about gastroenteritis?
A) Regular diet should be incorporated
B) No fever, but pain present
C) Is the most common cause of dehydration
D) Need TPN long term in most cases
A & C. Regular diet has proteins which are needed for the gut to be restored and rebuilt, this is the most common cause of dehydration. Fever with no pain is the finding to be expected, long term TPN may be needed for short gut syndrome.
Select all options that are gross and fine motor expected (meaning select options also expected in 3 year olds) in 4 year olds.
A) Stands on one foot for 10 seconds or longer
B) Uses scissors
C) Copies circle
D) Pedals tricycle
E) Can learn to tie shoes
F) Feeds self well with utensils
B) Uses scissors (4yrold), C) Copies circle (3yrold), D) Pedals tricycle (3yrold). Tying shoes, feeding well with utensils, and standing on one food for more than 10 seconds are 5 year old developmental skills.
What should you do when a child, who is visibly afraid, says that there is a monster under the bed?
Validate their feelings, but reinforce that there are no monsters, and that it is a good thing monsters don't exist.
Why should you not give a dehydrated child clear liquids?
They are high in sugars, which will not help rehydrate the patient.
Condition where the intestines develop outside the abdomen in utero, confirmed before birth, must cover the intestines with sterile dressing and keep moist, minimize fluid loss, keep baby side-lying.
A) Omphalocele
B) Umbilical hernia
C) Esophageal atresia
D) Meckel Diverticulum
A) Omphalocele.