assumptions vs. reality
Assumption: Children acquire abstract phonological categories directly from the signal. Reality: ______
child gradually learns sounds and sound sequences in words of their language
Is development with sound universal?
No
Based on one study from class when comparing japanese and english production of /s/ and /sh/
/s/ has a similar high frequency use in both languages but was much more accurate in English than in Japanese
/sh/ was more frequent in Japanese than English but was found to be of similar accuracy across languages
At what age do babies differentiate respiration for speech and breathing
1 year
what does the speech of a 1 year old look like?
by what age should a child be 50% intelligible to unfamiliar listener?
and 100% intelligible to unfamiliar listener?
and what factors influence this?
50% - 2 years old
100% - 4 years old
influences: dialect, background noise, speech disorder/motor disorder, personality of child (quiet/loud), content of message (long/short)
Assumption: There are more-or-less universal patterns of development; easier sounds are acquired before more difficult sounds. Reality:_______
phonological learning is highly language dependent
Is the IPA the best way to study phonological development and disorders? and what are some pros and cons of using it?
No, it is a good start but must be supplemented.
Pros:
Eliminates variability
Has symbols for characteristics
Allows for fine tuning
Easy to produce and read
Big improvement over orthographic transcript
Cons:
User error
Need a large sample
Doesn’t catch everything
Reflects listener bias
Not useful for untrained readers
Forces choices on continuous parameters
How do babies discriminate their native language from other languages at birth
prosody!
when infants are taught to produce new words, they tend to learn words containing IN sounds more quickly than OUT sounds
Other: a word's frequency in the language, word's phonotactic probability, word's neighborhood density
What is left to learn after age 6 (school age period)
phonemic inventory completion
phonological awareness
prosody
speech motor control
perception
Assumption: We can use alphabetic phonemic transcription (i.e., IPA) to describe what children are saying at every level of development. Reality: _____
We can but IPA doesn't capture everything - transcription MUST be supplemented with other methods
What are other ways we can look at speech aside from IPA?
sound continuum line: /s/______________________|____________________/sh/
Electropalatography:
Technology in which a thin acrylic pseudo palate is custom fit to a person’s palate, Shows tongue palate contact during speech production, can provide biofeedback
Articulatory tracking technology:
Optotrak allows you to track the movement of sensors affixed to the face over time, gives more info about what the child is doing and a less biased report
When can babies discriminate between some phonemes
1 to 2 months, Categorical perception develops early! (ex. Perceiving /p/ and /t/ as different)
at what age are vowels usually mastered by?
age 3
exception: vocalic /r/, multi-syllabics
sounds that are candidates for late completion (after age 5)
/th, j, r, z, v/
Assumption: Acquisition after about age 5-6 is primarily related to fine-tuning of motor skills. Reality:______
Not true, much learning happens after that - children continue learning after they can produce sounds correctly
How is behaviorism used in speech therapy?
Reinforcement
When do babies shift to language specific processing
in the second half of the first year babies:
Lose sensitivity to phonetic contrasts not seen in their native language
Adjust phonetic category boundaries to be more language specific
Learn typical stress patterns for their language and use them to segment words
Begin to detect phonotactically “illegal” sound sequences in the native language
what is stopping? Fronting? and gliding?
stopping: substituting a stop for a fricative or affricate
fronting: substituting a alveolar for a velar or palatal
gliding: substituting a glide for a liquid
at what age do most children produce all sounds correct?
At what age is speech completely adult like?
age 6 - most sounds are correct
by age 12-16 speech should be adult like
Assumption: Children learn sounds directly from acoustics. Reality:____
No, Children cannot learn one movement pattern for each sound, they need additional help
What age does the respiratory system mature at?
age 7
What are the 5 prelinguistic vocalization stages?
BONUS: How is babbling connected to language development
Reflexive (0-1 month) (phonation)
cooing/gooing (2-4 months) (primitive articulation)
Vocal play (4-6 months) (expansion)
Reduplicated babbling (7-10 months) (canonical babbling)
Variegated babbling (11-14 months)
Bonus: we reinforce babbling, Babies use similar sounds in first words→ carry over of preferred sounds
At what age do stopping, fronting, and gliding disappear at normally?
stopping - 3 years (/th,j/ disappear later - 5-6yrs)
fronting -3-4 years
gliding - 5 years
FCD - before 3, early disappearance
Syllable deletion - middle disappearance 3.5-4
cluster simplification - late disappearance 4-5