Just Breathe
Normal RR rate for a newborn
30-60BPM
How does a PDA shunt after birth L->R or R->L
Left to Right
Diagnostic procedure for Meningitis
Lumbar puncture is the definitive diagnostic test for meningitis.
What age is the first dose of the MMR vaccine typically given
12–15 months
What is the first-line treatment for croup (Acute laryngotracheobronchitis and acute spasmodic laryngitis)
Nebulized epinephrine and corticosteroids
Nursing care:
What is the treatment for a PDA closure
indomethacin (NSAID - Tylenol or ibuprofen)
What is a Atonic or akinetic seizure
Drop attacks, or drop seizures, are a type of seizure that causes a sudden loss of muscle tone. This can cause the person to fall to the ground, slump, or collapse.
Atonic seizures are usually brief, lasting less than 15 seconds. Muscle tone is lost for a few seconds, which often causes a fall. If seizures are frequent, child should wear a helmet to prevent injury
Which vaccine protects against whooping cough?
DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis)
Name 2 milestones that are usually achieved by a 9-month-old? (Motor -fine and gross)
Sits unsupported
Uses fingers to move food towards themselves
Moves objects from one hand to another
Crawling or pulling to stand
What is bronchiolitis, and which virus most commonly causes it?
Inflammation of the small airways caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
What are the 4 components of TOF
Pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy
What is the difference between Meningocele and Myelomeningocele
What is the minimum age to give the first dose of the influenza vaccine
6 months
At what age can children usually draw a circle?
Around 3 years old
A pediatric patient presents with fever, drooling, difficulty swallowing, and stridor. The child is sitting in a tripod position, appearing anxious, and has a muffled voice.
What is the diagnosis, the most likely causative organism, and the critical intervention needed?
What is Kawasaki disease, and why is it concerning in pediatrics?
It’s an inflammatory condition that can lead to coronary artery aneurysms if untreated.
Kawasaki disease - Acute systemic vasculitis, resolves in less than 8 weeks. Also known as “mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
What is the most common form of muscular dystrophy that is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, has an onset between 3 and 5 years of age. age. Rapid progression with life expectancy of 15-30 years. Fat tissue replace muscles in lower limbs (gastrocnemius).
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Which immunization protects against epiglottitis
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b)
What is the term for the developmental stage where a toddler says “no” frequently and begins asserting independence?
The autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage (Erikson)
Cystic fibrosis is a respiratory disorder characterized by mucus glands that secrete thick, tenacious mucus, leading to mechanical obstruction of various organs. Provide one clinical manifestation of cystic fibrosis for each of the following body systems:
What are the 3 stages of surgery for Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Surgery in three stages starting shortly after birth: Norwood procedure, Glenn shunt, and Fontan procedure
Name a characteristic of each of the Tonic-clonic seizure phases (previously referred to as grand mal)
Tonic phase (10 to 20 seconds)
Clonic phase (typically 30 to 50 seconds; can last 30 min or longer)
Postictal state (30 min to several hours)
Tonic phase (10 to 20 seconds)
Eyes roll upward, Loss of consciousness, Tonic contraction of entire body, with arms flexed and legs, head and neck extended
Mouth snaps shut and tongue can be bitten
Thoracic and abdominal muscles contract
Loss of swallowing reflex and increased salivation
Apnea leading to cyanosis
Clonic phase (typically 30 to 50 seconds; can last 30 min or longer)
Violent jerking movements of the body
Trunk and extremities experience rhythmic contraction and relaxation
Can having foaming in the mouth
Can be incontinent of urine and feces
Gradual slowing of movements until cessation
Postictal state (30 min to several hours)
Remains semiconscious but arouses with difficulty
Confused for several hours
Impairment of fine motor movements
Lack of coordination
Possible vomiting, headache, visual or speech difficulties
Sleeps for several hours
Feels tired and can complain of sore muscles
No recollection of the seizure
What are the specific contraindications for administering the following vaccines?
A 4-year-old child is evaluated for developmental delays. The child cannot dress themselves, speaks in two-word phrases, has difficulty following simple instructions, and struggles with interactive play. What what potential disorder could this suggest?
Potential Disorder: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or a global developmental delay