Urine Collection
What kind of container should specimens be collected in?
What is disposable, clean, dry, and opaque
What is density of a liquid compared to distilled water density
The difference between pollakiuria and polyuria
What is
Pollakiuria - frequent urination
Polyuria - formation and excretion of large volumes of urine
When is the best time to obtain a sample and why
What is after a period of extended rest because the urine will be more highly concentrated
Common pH findings for all species
What is pH 5.5 and 8.5
When is the best time to collect urine postprandial?
What is 3-6 hours after eating. This is more reflective of the diet
What are the four Specific gravity methods of evaluation (some are instruments)
What is the refractometer, the urinometer, osmometry, and SG reagent test strips
What does sweet, fruity urine odor mean in sheep
What is pregnancy toxemia
How many RBCs per field are abnormal
What is 5 per HPF
What does the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio indicate
What is the amount of protein excreted over 24 hours from a single urine sample
Name the six variations of free flow collection
What is
1. Absorbable urine sponges
2. Non-absorbable litter
3. Manual expression
4. Metabolism cage
5. Table, cage, floor collection
6. Client-collected samples
Normal SG ranges for dog, cat, and large animals
What is
Canine: 1.015-1.1045
Feline: 1.035-1.060
Large animals: 1.015-1.030
What two species have abnormal colored urine, and what colors are they
What is rabbits and horses.
Rabbits can have yellow, orange, red, brown, or white urine
Horse urine is browner after standing due to oxidation
Name the 7 casts that can be found in urine
What is hyaline, tubular epithelial, RBC, WBC, granular, fatty, and waxy
What pathological conditions does myoglobinuria indicate
What is pathological condition of muscle or overexertion
Why should cystocentesis be done on a full bladder?
What is providing a better anatomical reference and minimizing possible damage to other organs
Name factors that increase SG (4) and decrease SG (2)
What is
Increase: Dehydration, decreased water intake, acute renal disease, and shock
Decrease: Increased fluid intake and renal diseases
Why does urine become more cloudy after standing
What is increased number of bacteria and possible formation of crystals
The most common cast seen in urine
What is granular cast
The difference between bilirubinuria and biliuria
What is
Bilirubinuria - biliary obstruction, hepatic infections, toxicity, and hemolytic anemia
Biliuria - any bile pigment in the urine
Name some non-pathological influences on urine results (8)
What is collection method, medication, diet, water intake, exercise, degree of restraint, temperature, humidity
Of the 4 methods, which is the least reliable method of determining SG in animals
What is specific gravity reagent test strips
Species that normally don't have clear urine and why
What is
Horses - calcium carbonate crystals and mucus from the renal pelvis
Rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters - presence of calcium salts
Cats - presence of fat
Name two parasites that can be found in urine
Dioctophyme renale (giant kidney worm)
Capillaria plica (bladder worm)
Causes of ketonuria (2)
What is increased fat metabolism and ketonemia