Anatomy
Which kidney is lower + why
Right; liver
Which capillaries are around the PCT + DCT
Peritubular
2 symptoms of ESKD
Nausea
Insomnia
Tremor
Lethargy
Dyspnoea
Anaemia
No, of osmoles when Na3PO4 dissociates
4
Name 1 natural buffer system in kidneys
Bicarbonate, phosphate, ammonia
2 parts of the nephron
Corpuscle + Tubule
Which arteriole is the macula densa related to
Afferent
2 differences between haemodialysis + peritoneal dialysis
Machine semi-permeable membrane filtration vs Peritoneal membrane filtration
3 sessions per week (typically) vs Daily/continuous process
Fistula issues vs infection
Home possible vs home goal
Outside body vs inside body
What happens total excretion>filtered load
Secretion
Part of tubule that uses paracellular pathway
Thick AL
Anterior relation of ureter in males?
Ductus deferens
What do podocytes mainly prevent from leaking into urine
Proteins + organic anions
(accept proteins)
GFR + timing for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
GFR < 60mL/min/1.73m^2 for 3 months
What is SPLAY
Curved part of glucose titration curve where glucose starts appearing in urine
Represents difference between theoretical + actual; renal threshold where glucose begins to be excreted
Because not all nephrons are equipotent
Describe passive countercurrent multiplication
Urea Recycling
With ADH, inner medullary collecting duct becomes permeable to urea → urea diffuses out into interstitium, raising osmolality → helps draw water out of collecting ducts
Name 2 anterior relations of the L+R kidney
R: liver, duodenum, ascending colon, hepatorenal recess
L: stomach, spleen, pancreas, jejunum, descending colon
Why doesn't the Thick AL have microvilli
Controlled, selective ion transport (not bulk absorption)
Does not need large SA
3 ways the body can be exposed to foreign HLA antigens
Pregnancy (foetus & paternal HLA)
Blood-product transfusion
Previous transplant
Cross-reaction with viral exposures/vaccinations
Gold standard for eGFR vs Clinical use + why
Inulin + Creatinine
by product of muscle metabolism - readily available in blood and urine - less costly + more convenient
Inulin requires injection + causes GI adverse effects
Number of THXs in each monomer of AQP
6
5 segmental arteries of the kidney
Superior (apical)
Anterosuperior
Anteroinferior
Inferior
Posterior
Part of nephron that releases active Vit D into capillaries
PCT
Class of MHC recognised by CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells
EXTRA POINTS: 3 main genes that encode for this class of HLA proteins
Class I
HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-Cw
Describe renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway
Decreased blood flow to kidneys triggers renin release, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, then ACE converts it to angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction + stimulating aldosterone secretion to increase sodium and water retention, raising blood pressure
2/5 organic osmolytes
Inositol, betaine, taurine, sorbitol, glycerophosphorylcholine