Past Modal Forms
I _____________ (could/ study) medicine. But I became a teacher instead.
I COULD HAVE STUDIED medicine. But I became a teacher instead.
Perfect modal used to express regrets or judgement.
should have + past participle
ought to have + past participle
1) begin 2) meet 3) hurt
1) begun 2) met 3) hurt
Erica must has gone out. I can't find her anywhere.
HAVE
Jeanette isn't here. She __________ (must/ go) home early.
Jeanette isn't here. She MUST HAVE GONE home early.
Perfect modal used to express possibility.
may have/ might have + past participle
1) grow 2) lend 3) hide
1) grown 2) lent 3) hidden
Michael is running late. He might have got stuck in traffic.
GOTTEN
Dean ______________ (should/ not/ drive) home after the party last night. He was stopped for drunk driving.
Dean SHOULD NOT / SHOULDN'T HAVE DRIVEN home after the party last night. He was stopped for drunk driving.
Perfect modal for expressing ability or possibility.
could have + past participle
1) lie 2) give 3) pay
1) lain 2) given 3) paid
Lily has a great suntan. She must go somewhere hot for her vacation.
HAVE GONE
You ____________ (should/ go) on the cruise. You __________ (would/ love) it.
You SHOULD HAVE GONE on the cruise. You WOULD HAVE LOVED it.
Perfect modal used to express certainty.
would have + past participle
1) throw 2) wear 3) wake
I think Gabriel drink all the milk. There's none left.
MUST HAVE DRUNK
I ___________(could/ study) architecture. I ___________ (would/be) really good at it. I ___________ (might/ be) famous.
I COULD HAVE STUDIED architecture. I WOULD HAVE BEEN really good at it. I MIGHT HAVE BEEN famous.
Perfect modal used to express conclusions.
must have + past participle
1) shine 2) ring 3) show
1) shone/shined 2) rung 3) shown
Jenna is late. She may have took the wrong road.
MAY/ MIGHT HAVE TAKEN