Cardiac Basics
Define perfusion.
Mechanisms that facilitate blood through the tissues.
Name one CHD that increases pulmonary blood flow.
PDA, ASD, or VSD
This infection causes Rheumatic Fever.
Group A Streptococcus.
This test measures electrical activity of the heart.
ECG/EKG
The typical HR for an infant
90–160 bpm
The main difference between CHD and ACD.
CHD is present at birth; ACD develops after birth.
The four defects in Tetralogy of Fallot.
Pulmonary stenosis, VSD, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy.
The hallmark sign of Kawasaki Disease.
Prolonged fever and “strawberry tongue.”
This test uses ultrasound to visualize heart structures.
Echocardiogram
Why can’t infants increase cardiac output effectively by increasing stroke volume?
Their myocytes and contractile tissue are immature
This structure allows blood flow between the pulmonary artery and aorta in fetal circulation.
The ductus arteriosus.
What does polycythemia result from in cyanotic CHD?
The body producing more RBCs to compensate for low oxygen
This bacterial infection affects the heart valves.
Infective Endocarditis
This test assesses heart function during physical exertion.
Exercise stress test
The age where the heart apex shifts to the 5th intercostal space.
This structure allows blood flow between the atria in fetal circulation.
The foramen ovale
Common signs of decreased pulmonary flow.
Cyanosis, clubbing, fatigue, and possible “tet spells"
Daily Double
The major risk if Rheumatic Fever is untreated.
After cardiac catheterization, what should parents monitor for at home?
Bleeding, infection, changes in color, sensation, or temperature in the extremity.
What causes systemic vascular resistance (SVR) to increase in kids?
Growth and increased vessel length/diameter
What does the Frank-Starling law describe?
Stroke volume increases in response to increased ventricular filling (blood volume)
What happens in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)?
Underdevelopment of the left side of the heart, leading to inadequate systemic circulation.
This complication can result from untreated Kawasaki Disease.
Coronary artery aneurysm.
This lab is used to monitor inflammation in cardiac infections.
CRP or ESR
This ventricle dominates cardiac function in utero
The right ventricle.