Natives
The "three sister" crops
MAIZE, beans, squash
Define the Columbian Exchange?
Spread of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas.
Define the Encomienda System
Spanish system of granting land to colonists in the New World. This system exploited Native Americans and resources. Spanish settlers promised to Christianized Natives
Three main reasons for exploration (mainly Spanish)
Spread Christianity (god), Wealth (gold), and Power and Status (glory)
Jamestown
Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London, elected Captain John Smith as their leader. First permanent settlement
Conflicts with Europeans
Europeans sought to change Natives way of life and world view
Natives sought to preserve autonomy (independence or self rule)
Mercantilism
rejected free trade and promoted government regulation of the economy for the purpose of enhancing state power, defined the economic policy of European colonizing countries
What eventually replaced the encomienda system
African slave labor
France relation with natives
Friendly and traded fur
Treaty of Tordesillas
a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
pueblos
They developed an extensive agricultural system using canals to irrigate crops. These were also apartment like structures make of adobe and mud that formed the "towns" of the pueblo people.
Most dramatic effect of the exchange
spread of disease (small pox)
Who was against the harsh treatment of Natives and who was for the harsh treatment
Bartolome De Las Casas (against), Juan De Sepulveda (for)
Impacts of Spanish contact
New caste system and racially diverse populations (mestizo- spanish and native mix), and creation of encomienda system
What was the impact of maize cultivation
Societies developed vast irrigation systems (Pueblos in Rio Grande)
How did each region of Natives acquire food
American Southwest- Grew crops (irrigation system)
Great Plain and Great Basin - Hunting and gathering (buffalos)
Northwest- fishing
Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and Atlantic Seaboard Natives- mix of hunting and gathering and agriculture
Impact on Europe, Natives, and Africans
Europe: Population growth (corn, potatoes), and shift from feudalism to capitalism
Natives: Diseases killed many (small pox), and horses and guns transformed way of life (hunting, warfare)
Africans: Increases of slave trade (Portuguese and Spanish in West Africa)
How was the harsh treatment of Natives justified
White superiority, religion, and "uncivilized" view of groups
What led to American Indian resistance and conflict as Europeans attempted to change American Indian beliefs?
When the Europeans tried to change the Indians view of religion, gender roles and the family, and the relationship of people with the natural environment.
What were misunderstandings between each group
gender-many native societies were matrilineal
land-natives did not own individual land
religion-natives believed in animism, polytheistic, shamans (medicine men) held power
Longhouses
a long wooden building in which several families could live built mainly by iroquois
What was an effect of sugar being the most demanded
Caribbean islands and most other tropical areas became centers of sugar production, which in turn fueled the demand to enslave Africans for labor.
How did the Encomienda system impact Natives
Most of the Natives were treated harshly and performed heavy manual labor like building roads and infrastructure
What technological improvements allowed for European exploration
improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade such as joint-stock companies allowed for European exploration. Invention of sextant, compass, and qudrant
In what ways did Africans preserve autonomy in the Western Hemisphere
By following their own religion (Vodun or Voodoo) and by singing and playing drums