Native America Before Contact
Three crops that make up the agricultural system known as the Three Sisters
What are maize (corn), beans, and squash?
What three words summarize the major European motivations for exploration?
God Glory Gold
What Spanish labor system granted colonists control over Native labor on farms and in mines?
The encomienda system
Which European power generally relied on the fur trade and developed trade and military alliances with Native nations?
France
Which had the greatest demographic effect on Native American populations following European arrival: warfare, European weapons, or disease?
Disease
Term describes a society in which family descent and inheritance are traced through the mother's side, such as among the Iroquois?
What is matrilineal?
What agreement divided much of the newly claimed territory in the Americas between Spain and Portugal
Treaty of Tordesillas
What social system developed in Spanish America that organized people largely according to racial ancestry?
The Caste System
Why did English relationships with Native Americans become more hostile as English colonization expanded?
English settlement created a growing demand for Native American land
Spanish efforts to suppress Pueblo religious practices helped cause what major Native uprising?
Pope's Rebellion / Pueblo Revolt
Many Native peoples of the Great Basin develop a more nomadic lifestyle
What is the region's dry/arid environment and limited agricultural resources made permanent agriculture more difficult
What term describes the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after European contact?
The Columbian Exchange
What labor system replaced the encomienda and continued to require Native labor, although on a more intermittent basis?
The repartimiento system
Name one major contribution of enslaved African brought to societies in the Americas besides their forced labor
Agricultural knowledge such as rice cultivation, music, religion, food, or other cultural traditions
Complete the chain
European voyages -> Columbian Exchange -> Native population decline
What major factor caused the decline? (Also state why)
European diseases to which Native Americans had little immunity
How did the development of agriculture affect the size and complexity of many Native American societies?
A stable food supply allowed populations to grow, encouraged permanent settlements, and supported more complex societies.
How did New World crops such as maize and potatoes affect European society?
They increased the food supply and contributed to European population growth
Why did European colonies increasingly rely upon enslaved African labor during the 1500s?
The native population declined dramatically while colonial plantations and mines continued to require large amounts of labor.
What major disagreement existed between Las Casas and Sepúlveda concerning Native Americans?
Las Casas argued that Native Americans were being unjustly abused and deserved protection, while Sepulveda argued that Spanish domination was justified because he considered Native peoples to be inferior or less civilized.
Expansion of African Slavery, European colonization, Native population decline, continued demand for labor
European colonization, Native pop. decline, continued demand for labor, expansion of slavery
Explain why historians need to understand Native American societies before 1492 in order to understand the effects of European contact.
Historians need a picture of Native societies before contact so they can determine what changed after Europeans arrived. Native societies were already diverse, organized, and adapted to different environments before European colonization.
This reinforces the contextualization idea you introduced at the very beginning of the unit: understanding the Americas before contact is necessary for judging how much European arrival changed them.
Explain how increased Atlantic trade contributed to the transition from feudalism toward capitalism in Europe.
Wealth became increasingly connected to trade, investment, markets, and access to overseas resources rather than being based primarily on land ownership.
Complete and explain this cause chain:
European colonization -> Native population decline -> ___________ -> expansion of African slavery
Increase colonial demand/shortage of available labor
Why did French relationships with Native Americans generally differ from English relationships with Native Americans?
The French had fewer settlers and relied more heavily on the fur trade and Native alliances, so they demanded less Native land. English settlement expanded more heavily and created greater pressure for land, producing more conflict.
To what extent did interactions among Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans, transform the Americas between 1491 and 1607? Give two broad categories of change that could be used to defend your answer. (Also give supporting evidence to defend your claim)
Significant / Great Extent
Demographic/environmental change, economic/labor change, social/cultural change, political change
Supporting evidence: disease, Columbian Exchange, African slavery, encomienda system, caste system, conversion, Native resistance, or cultural exhange