people
Primarily known for his total ownership and administration of the Congo Free State, which he exploited for rubber through coerced labor
What is King Leopold the II (2nd) (of Belgium)?
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to human societies and cultures, "survival of the fittest", applied to societies, races, and even nations
What is social darwinism?
19th century (1800s) military conflicts between British and Qing Dynasty over opium trade, highlights clash between traditional ways and Western pressures for trade and influence
What is the Opium Wars?
a movement advocating for the social, political, and economic equality of all genders, challenges sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression to achieve gender equality in both law and practices
What is feminism?
heat engines that convert the energy stored in steam into mechanical work, fundamentally transforming transportation and manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution
Known as the Father of Communism, drafted and published his book "the Communist Manifesto"
What is Karl Marx?
Movement that advocated for the end of slavery and the slave trade, mainly catered towards the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
What is abolitionism
Revolution of enslaved Africans in the Caribbeans that revolted against French colonial rule inspired by Enlightenment ideals
What is the Haitian Revolution?
Germany and Italian movement that sought to create unified nation-states, driven by nationalism
What is German & Italian Unification?
acronymed as EIC, a British joint-stock company founded in 1600, was a major player in global trade and, later, imperialism. Initially focused on trading and building a monopoly for spices
What is the British East India Company?
English philosopher that advocated for natural rights, individuals rights, and the social contract
What is John Locke?
John Locke's ideology that the idea of a government's legitimacy stems from the consent of the governed--individuals surrender certain freedoms to government in exchange for protections and social order
What is the social contract?
an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government, sought to expel foreign influence and Christianity, viewing them as threats to Chinese sovereignty and culture
What is the Boxer Rebellion?
What is the Ghost Dance?
a form of land transportation that facilitated the transportation of soldiers, military technology, and goods, and helped to spread ideologies and a sense of nationalism
What is the (steam engined) train/railroad?
a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, known as the "father of modern economics" for his influential work, "The Wealth of Nations"
What is Adam Smith?
A philosophical approach that emphasizes experience and observation as the primary sources of knowledge
What is empiricism
led by Tupac Amaru II, who claimed Incan royal descent, a major rebellion against Spanish rule in Peru from 1780 to 1783, inspired other American revolutions down the line
What is Tupac Amaru II Rebellion?
a period of reform and modernization efforts by the Qing Dynasty to adopt Western technology and military tactics in response to internal pressures and foreign aggression
What is (China) Self-Strengthening Movement?
French economic ideology that advocates a hands-off approach by the government towards the economy, where private businesses and individuals are free to operate with minimal government intervention
What is laissez-faire?
Led the Haitian slave rebellion and revolution, was previously also the first black governor of a French colony
What is Toussaint L'Ouverture
An economic and political system where the community or state, rather than private individuals, owns or controls the means of production and resources, differs from capitalism
What is socialism?
Led by Hong Xiuquan, who believed that he was the successor of Christ, a major peasant revolt in 19th-century (1800s) China that challenged the Qing dynasty, resulting in a devastating civil war and the deaths of millions, internally weakened the Qing -> susceptible to external influences (from Europeans later)
What is the Taiping Rebellion?
a period of modernization and Westernization in the Ottoman Empire, initiated by Sultan Abdülmecid I, pressured by success of industrialization in the West
What is the Tanzimat Reforms?
regions within China where foreign imperial powers, like Great Britain, France, and Germany, had exclusive or dominant political and economic control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (late 1800s-early 1900s), forced Qing Dynasty to grant concessions to foreign powers
What is spheres of influence?